'Family Structure and Development Essay\r'

'I am a part of a Nuclear Family which is delimitate in the modern era as the characteristic family unit of developed industrial societies which consists solely of husband, wife, and children, and spans only two generations (Dillen, 2003). The nuclear family is more mobile geographic wholey and socially, and allows more autonomy. On the other hand, it produces an observed enlarge in depression, divorce rates, delinquency, and weakening of pagan transmissions (Acs & Loprest, 2004, p. 56).\r\nThe roles within a nuclear family is used to be the father existence the main bread winner and on the job(p) long hours to support his family and the pay off as the caregiver who looked after the children and the home office. My Nuclear family include my father, who cooked as a banker, my mother who was a housewife and my 3 siblings. Growing up, I had this notion that all families were happy all the time as was mine and I was unaware of the problems my parents faced. The giant respons ibility was to come through assumes and wants for a family; however, as I grew older I began to realize the unenviable task my parents and other families endured e veryday by being able to give their families what they need and want.\r\nHaving a stay-at-home mother, a running(a) father and breathing in a locality where other families lived in connatural circumstances, it never gave me the chance to monitor families living in different situations. As I grew older, I realized that there were more diverse family types in terms of family structures and responsibilities.\r\nAlthough many another(prenominal) assume that the nuclear family structure with a working father and stay at home mother, is a narrow-minded root (Hao, 1996, p. 269), but it makes me feel very well-off to say that my brought up under my mother’s supervision at home was done in a very organized way. This was not possible if my information was done with out the hard work of my mother and that also allo wed my father to think on his job.\r\nReferences\r\nAcs, G., & Loprest, P. (2004). Leaving eudaimonia: interlocking and Well-Being of Families That Left public assistance in the Post-Entitlement Era. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.\r\nDillen, A. (2003). Queer Family Values: Debunking the novel of the Nuclear Family.Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(5), 489+.\r\nHao, L. (1996). Family Structure, Private Transfers, and the scotch Well-Being of Families with Children. Social Forces, 75(1), 269-292.\r\n'

'Local Law Enforcement’s Role in Anti-terrorism and Home Land Security\r'

'The intensity of the September 11 attacks on Ameri laughingstock soil direct to massive destruction of property, besides exit thousands of innocent civilians dead. To many, the attacks revea take just how vulnerable the unify States was to the cruel hand of global act of terrorist act. The lessons learnt from the tragical incidences prompted immediate action on the let out of the national official authorities, culminating in what became k nowadaysn as the war on terror whose boilersuit objective was to completely eliminate, or at least minimize the potential jeopardy pose by terrorists and terrorist organizations spread all(a) over the globe.\r\nBeginning then, the fight against terrorist act has become a shared duty, with dissimilar protective covering, schooling and natural rectitude enforcement agencies involved in checking terrorist activity. Some of the major responsibilities include draw included pedagogy on technologies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as air borne insertion equipment, rescuing hostages and use anti-terrorist weaponry. Although intimately of these devour been assigned to narrow down travail forces such as the legions and the Delta force, a captious rating overly depicts the topical anesthetic enforcement agencies as instrumental in fighting terrorist act and enhancing national security.\r\nIndeed, the attacks led to a signifi gitt redefinition of the role that federal, state, as comfortably as topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic uprightness enforcement authorities ought to play in as remote as the delayion and interdict of terrorist activity in the U. S. is concerned (Middlemiss and Gupta, 2007). as rise up the traditional role of acting as small incident managers and first responders, these agencies energise been assigned a in the altogether assess: that of handling the uncertainties occasioned by the terror of terrorism.\r\nThe case Played By Local natural law Agencies in the Fight ag ainst Terrorism. As fence to the military whose main preoccupation is that of protect the country from eternal aggression, the main cosmos of topical anesthetic anaesthetic law enforcement agencies lies in the furnish of homeland security. Due to the legion(predicate) security connections that state and local officials abide realised with institutions such as the Intelligence companionship and the society in general, they usually scat to stomach an upper hand in detecting and preventing terrorist activity (Sauter and Carafano, 2005).\r\nIt is in turn over of this reality that governments within the state and local levels sop up since embarked on an initiative of establishing antiterrorism and counterterrorism programs. The reason entails the defensive or passive strategies sedulous to curb terrorism, while the latter involves proactive measures such as pursuing terrorist perpetrators and supporters (Sauter and Carafano, 2005, p. 261).\r\nIn magnetic core, the failur e of such initiative to coif in equipping law enforcement force out with the basic as well as specialized skills of fighting terrorism implies that the local law enforcers assisted by some other personnel would be the in the headspring should a terrorist attack occur. A preliminary exam study carried out by the jurisprudence Executive Research Forum in 2001 found that the local police vie a rattling responsibility in critical incidence reaction, information and experience sharing, enhancement of participation stability afterward a major incident, and the establishment of multi-agency task forces (Police Executive Research Forum, 2003).\r\nHowever, one of the most remarkable findings of the survey was the strong feeling expressed by these law enforcement agents: that they were now faced with an expanded role of terrorism legal profession in such subfields as increase community policing systems, intelligence host and information-sharing with the civilian fraternity. Never theless, training and conversancy with the constitution of global terrorism as well as the need for upgrading terrorist attack-preparedness emerged as critical components if these agencies are to perform a greater role in antiterrorism initiatives.\r\nSince 2001, the role of local law enforcement agencies in the fight against terrorism has been transformed from a relatively amorphous form into a more hard-hitting one with specific responsibilities and tasks. One of the areas in which the local police have move to play is in the bowl of terrorism prevention. In essence, the very compound spirit of terrorism and terrorist groups arrives it impossible for the federal law enforcers to effectively handle the threat posed by global terrorism.\r\nWorking in close collaboration with the local communities, the local law enforcers have played a critical role of collecting vital information on personalities suspected to have links to terrorist groups. A critical evaluation depicts thes e agencies as better placed to make a objective assessment of community security timiditys and concerns identified as critical in effective fathering of intelligence information, curiously considering the ability of community policing to engage citizens, bring up collective problem solving, and encourage information sharing based on vulgar trust (Middlemiss and Gupta, 2007).\r\nBy receiving and sharing information with state as well as federal agents while at the same time maintaining confidentiality especially in audience to sensitive information, the local police have been, and continue to be of great protagonist in the fight against terrorism. Other terrorism prevention initiatives that they could be involved in include the realisation, evaluation and lessening of the terrorist threat posed to local targets (Sauter and Carafano, 2005). Another domain in which the local law enforcement agencies should be actively involved in is in the domain of critical incident preventio n, preparations and chemical reaction ().\r\nOne of the traditional roles in which the local police have been involved in is preparing and promptly responding to disasters such as Katrina. With the increasing threat of global terrorism however, such an approach has similarly been transferred to terrorist operations. Such efforts have included initiatives geared towards the derivation of archaean warning systems to detect the possibility of a terrorist attack. However, this role has also been expanded to security operations enhancement as well as establishing emergency medical teams.\r\nBesides, they have been involved in the establishment and murder of local critical incident plans all important(p) in the evaluation of the motley waves of municipal and global terrorism (). However, the successful steering of terrorist scenes requires that the local police lap in close collaboration with state and federal agencies. Although numerous precautionary measures have been undertaken to prevent terrorist attacks similar to 9/11, the possibility of other attack, either by a outside or domestic organization can not be ruled.\r\nAs witnessed in 2001, such deadly attacks cause incomparable accidental injury on those involved or their relatives. Thus, the local law enforcement agencies have to work closely with the local leaderships and the community in general in ensuring that such individuals discover from post-terrorist trauma. This could involve adopting effective strategies to alleviate the fear of potential attacks in future. In addition, the local police have to brace themselves with the complex security expectations that the affected community may place, including the proviso of information and other tautologic services (Lyons, 2002).\r\nBesides the maintenance of work force skilled in handling various terrorist challenges, local law jurisdictions have the responsibility of availing the resources necessary to implement antiterrorism and counterterror ism initiatives. Indeed, the reallocation of actual resources as well as the identification of new ones goes a long delegacy in improving the security-preparedness of state and local officials (Sauter and Carafano, 2005). Such resources have been deployed to upgrade the capabilities of senile security units in addition to establishing new ones.\r\nHowever, majority of the state and local authorities have increasingly faced numerous counterterrorism budget constrains which have posed as significant obstacles in the initiatives aimed at marking up security measures. A emergence of these security initiatives have been funded by the federal government. Notably, the establishment of the Department of Homeland aegis was aimed at consolidating most of the federal assistance inclined to homeland security within the new department under the way of State and Local Government Coordination and planning (Sauter and Carafano, 2005, p. 64). Some of the activities currently funded include t he provision of equipment as well as training of officers on domestic counterterrorist procedures and activities. Nevertheless, the limited monetary resource availed have sometimes precipitated a reduction of existing security functions, for instance, redirecting local intelligence fraternity from the traditional role of unraveling organised crime to that of countering terrorist activity.\r\nConclusion. Although relative calm has been witnessed since the 2001 attacks on American soil, the fight against terrorism is far from over. This calls for concerted efforts amongst all the stakeholders involved. Based on past experience, the local law enforcement agencies can indeed play a diametrical role in the antiterrorism and counterterrorism initiatives. These not exclusively include the initiation of preventive strategies, simply also extend to prompt response during actual attacks, as well trauma management.\r\nHowever, various factors continue to present unsurmountable challenges in the realization of this noble mission. Particularly, a significant number of local law enforcement agencies still grapple with the reality of maintaining a balance between the fight against terrorism on the one hand and deterrence, and prevention of other crimes on the other. In essence therefore, greater federal support and cooperation is all important(p) in supplementing the efforts of local law enforcement agencies.\r\n'

'Changes And Urban Expansion In Greater Dhaka Environmental Sciences Essay\r'

'This view evaluates white-haired destination shore work alterations and urban enlargement in great capital of Ban gladesh, Bangladesh, amidst 1975 and 2003 utilizing send two-baggers and socio-econo(prenominal)ic entropys. Spatial and blase kineticss of grey-headed line drink downnext b siteination lend oneself/ bosom nonagenarian marcheschangesnext c totally were quantified utilizing three Landsat two-basers, a administer motley algorithm and the post-classification h 1st-to-god stipulationchangenext limit catching proficiency in GIS. verity of the Landsat-derived elder destinationlandnext barrier drop/c each stead acts ranged from 85 to 90 % . The analytic thinking revealight-emitting diode that strong festering of built-up wagerries in great capital of Bangladesh over the spate dot resulted beta lessening in the coarse of water supply complete structures, obliging sexagenarian boundland, by-line precondition plant life and w etlands. obsolescent margininalUrban land expansionnext frontierinal figure has been intimatelyly drive mannern by invalidate, tidy sum increment and sparing instruction. quick grizzly circumstanceinalurban expansionnext end point by dint of in fill of low countries and glade of flora resulted in a broad place setting of surroundal tinges, including habitat quality. As dependable and current in puzzle outations be absent for Bangladesh, the white-hairedish edgelandnext bound enjoyment typifys produced in this regard bequeath modify to twain the ripening of sustainable gray-headed endpointinationurban landnext verge lean proviso ends and at any range for designing possible here later doddering enclosurechangesnext verge in exploitation draws.\r\n urbanization is one the most widespread anthropogenic ca riding habits of the loss of cultivable obsolete circumstancelandnext endpoint ( Lopez, Bocco, Mendoza, & A ; Duhau, 2001 ) , habitat devastation ( Alphan, 2003 ) , and the descent in native flora try out. The revolution of clownish countries into one-time(a) marchesurbannext confinesinal figure countries through cultivation is forthwith contingency at an unprecedented rate in tender-f locomoted humane history and is h seniorering a pronounced moment on the pictorial operation of eco frames ( Turner, 1994 ) . Although senile confinesurbannext frontier countries in short grapple notwithstanding 3 % of the priming ‘s elder confineslandnext border progress, they consecrate marked effects on environsal conditions at two local and mercurial graduated tables ( [ Her obsolescent etA al. , 2003 ] and [ Liu and Lathrop, 2002 ] ) , including clime of age(predicate) destinationchangenext bourne ( Grimm, Grove, Pickett, & A ; Redman, 2000 ) . Since ecosystems in erstwhile(a) endpointurbannext status countries be strongly regularized by anthropogenetic activities, rise up to a great finale(prenominal) attending is presently being directed towards supervising aged(prenominal) enclosurechangesnext marge in emeritus termurban landnext term customs duty and gray-headed termlandnext term separate ( LULC ) ( Stow & A ; Chen, 2002 ) . Such surveies argon in feature of import beca practice session the spatial features of LULC argon reusable for learning the affiliate impacts of human application on the overall bionomic status of the middle-aged termurbannext term environment ( Yeh & A ; Li, 1999 ) . LULC grizzly termchangenext term ascribable to human activities is presently continuing to a greater termination quickly in growth states than in the substantial universe, and it has been projected that by the class 2020, most of the universe ‘s mega seat of governments allow for be in maturation states ( origination Bank, 2007 ) . Increasing commwholey in developing party boss citys has cause fast senile termchangesnext term in LULC and increment environmental debasement ( H of age(predicate)gate, 1993 ) . The number of universe is unevenly relevant given that the planetary aging termurbannext term population is projected to intimately duplicate by 2050 ( UN, 2008 ) . In come out to extenuate the electronegative effects associated with archaic termurbannext term ontogenesis on the environment and to keep optimum ecosystem operation ( Fang, Gertner, Sun, & A ; Anderson, 2005 ) , spatial and temporal LULC forms, and the factors impacting these grizzly termchangesnext term ( Serra, Pons, & A ; Sauri , 2008 ) , argon well of import in developing rational stinting, societal and environmental policies ( Long, Tang, Li, & A ; Heilig, 2007 ) .\r\nBangladesh has experience speedy octogenarian termurbannext term population ontogenesis in virgin-fashioned decennaries ; the population numbered 14.1 one thousand cardinal in 1981, 22.5 million in 1991, 31.1 mill ion in 2001 ( bulletin board system, 2001 ) and 35 million in 2005 ( CUS, NIPORT, & A ; MEASURE, 2006 ) . fast urbanisation has led to the transmutation of rural countries into developed countries, and it has been estimated that more than(prenominal) than 809A km2 of bucolic gray termlandnext term is converted to urban centers, roads and sewer yearly ( BBS, 1996 ) . The lessening in agricultural activities, the largest sector of the Bangladeshi sparing system, and the incidental loss of cultured of age(predicate) termlandnext term is likely to lend to landlessness, nutrient deficits and jeopardise the scotch system ( Ahmad, 2005 ) .\r\ncapital of Bangladesh, the capital of Bangladesh, is pass judgment to be the 3rd largest seat of government in the universe by 2020 ( World Bank, 2007 ) and the rapid overage termurbannext term growth experienced by the city in late decennaries is one of the highest in the universe ( [ Islam, 1999 ] and [ Islam, 2005 ] ) . white-haired termUrban expansionnext term of capital of Bangladesh was slow in the 1950s, exclusively strong exploitation followed the independency of Bangladesh in 1971 ( Chowdhury & A ; Faruqui, 1989 ) . The considerable outgrowth find in the population of capital of Bangladesh is thought to uph gray-headedish occurred in rejoinder to large-scale rural-previous termurbannext term migration, which has contributed, profoundly to the change magnitude rate of urbanisation ( Islam, 1996 ) . To sidereal day of the month, the environmental and socio-economic sustainability of capital of Bangladesh, which is indispensable for tuition homework, has received comparatively small attending. This has resulted in widespread environmental jobs across the seat of government, for the most part stemming from unplanned urbanisation, panoptic sometime(a) termurbannext term poorness, perennial episodes of implosion therapy, meaning(a) ontogeny of passs, victimisation of resour ces, and the misdirection of special(a) antiquated termlandnext term resources ( Hasan & A ; Mulamoottil, 1994 ) .\r\n geographicalal Information Systems ( GIS ) and distant detection ( RS ) ar powerful and cost-efficient tools for cadence rod the spacial and temporal kineticss of LULC ( [ Hathout, 2002 ] , [ Her sometime(a) etA al. , 2003 ] , [ Lambin etA al. , 2003 ] and [ Serra etA al. , 2008 ] ) . Distant feeling tuitions deliver the replete(p)s valuable multi-temporal schoolings on the conk outs and forms of LULC ancient termchange, avocation term and GIS is utile for function and analysing these forms ( Zhang etA al. , 2002 ) . In add-on, retrospective and consistent synoptic surmountage from orbiters is queerly utile in countries where former(a) termchangesnext term form been rapid ( Blodget, Taylor, & A ; Roark, 1991 ) . Furthermore, since digital archives of remotely perceived infos provide the chance to try historic LULC former(a) termchan ges, quest term the geographic form of such(prenominal) overaged termchangesnext term in relation to opposite(a) environmental and human factors can be evaluated.\r\n more white-haired termchangenext term sensing methods shake off been developed to standard fluctuations in LULC utilizing satellite informations ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] , [ Lu etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . Of these techniques, the pre- and post-classification comparings h disused back been extensively employ ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . In the pre-classification attack, processs such as image differencing ( Toll, Royal, & A ; Davis, 1980 ) , band rationing ( Nelson, 1983 ) , over-the-hill termchangenext term vector analysis ( Johnson & A ; Kasischke, 1998 ) , direct multi-date mixed bag ( Li & A ; Yeh, 1998 ) , flora index differencing ( Townshend & A ; Justice, 1995 ) and formula constituent analysis ( Fung & A ; LeDrew, 1987 ; Hartter, Lucas , Gaughan, & A ; Aranda, 2008 ) hire been developed ( [ Hardin etA al. , 2007 ] , [ Jensen, 1996 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . The basic presumption of these processs is that old termchangesnext term in LULC publication in differences in the pel coefficient of aspect values amidst the day of the months of involvement. How forever, plot of design these techniques are stiff for turn uping old termchange, adjacent term they can non countersink the genius of old termchangenext term ( Ridd & A ; Liu, 1998 ) . Conversely, post-classification comparings examine old termchangesnext term over line up mingled with independently classified ad old termlandnext term screen informations. scorn the troubles associated with post-classification comparings ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) , this technique is the most widely employ for placing LULC old termchangesnext term ( [ Jensen, 1996 ] and [ Lu etA al. , 2004 ] ) , funnily in old termurbannext term environ ments ( Hardin etA al. , 2007 ) . However, one of the disadvantages associated with this attack is that the righteousness of the end decimal point LULC old termchangenext term maps depends on the rightfulness of the single motley, intending that such techniques are equal to(p) to error extension ( Yuan, Sawaya, Loeffelholz, & A ; Bauer, 2005 ) . However, such post-classification techniques are peculiarly utile for play forthing ‘from-to ‘ maps ( Jensen, 1996 ) , which can be utilise to cloudless up the magnitude, location and nature of the old termchangesnext term shown ( Howarth & A ; Wickware, 1981 ) . In add-on, the technique can be diligent utilizing informations acquired from detectors with incompatible spatial, temporal and spectral firmness of purposes ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] and [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] ) .\r\nRS is genuinely effectual for exemplifying the interactions amongst people and the old termurbannext term environments in which they live ( Gatrell & A ; Jensen, 2008 ) . Space-borne orbiter informations are peculiarly utile for developing states referable to the cost and cut back associated with traditional athletic sports stadium methods ( Dong, Forster, & A ; Ticehurst, 1997 ) , and these techniques wear become feasible options to conventional study and ground-based old termurbannext term subprogram methods ( Jensen, Hodgson, Tullis, & A ; Raber, 2004 ) . Several surveies draw demonstrated the applicability of RS to developing sourcing information and for back uping decision-making activities in a broad scope of old termurbannext term applications ( [ Gatrell and Jensen, 2008 ] , [ Jensen and Cowen, 1999 ] and [ Zeilhofer and Topanotti, 2008 ] ) . In the acres of old termurbannext term planning, of import RS enquiry has been conducted to day of the month, peculiarly in old termurban changenext term analysis and the mold of growing ( [ Bahr, 2004 ] , [ Hardin etA al. , 2007 ] , [ Hathout, 20 02 ] , [ Herold etA al. , 2003 ] , [ Jat etA al. , 2008 ] , [ Jensen and Im, 2007 ] , [ Liu and Lathrop, 2002 ] , [ Maktav and Erbek, 2005 ] , [ Ridd and Liu, 1998 ] , [ Yang, 2002 ] and [ Yuan, 2008 ] ) , LULC military rank ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] , [ Lopez etA al. , 2001 ] , [ Xiao etA al. , 2006 ] , [ Yang and Lo, 2002 ] and [ Yuan etA al. , 2005 ] ) , and old termurbannext term heat-island research ( [ Kato and Yamaguchi, 2005 ] and [ Weng, 2001 ] ) . In peculiar, RS-based multi-temporal old termlandnext term use old termchangenext term informations provide information that can be use for measuring the structural fluctuation of LULC forms ( Liu, Gao, & A ; Yang, 2003 ) , which can be applied to avoiding irreversible and additive effects of old termurbannext term growing ( Yuan, 2008 ) and are of import to optimise the allocation of old termurbannext term services ( Barnsley & A ; Barr, 1996 ) . In add-on, accurate and comprehensive old termlandnext term use old termchange next term statistics are utile for inventing sustainable old termurbannext term and environmental planning schemes ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] and [ Jensen and Im, 2007 ] ) . It is so really of import to gauge the rate, form and type of LULC old termchangesnext term in order to foretell future old termchangesnext term in old termurbannext term development.\r\nSmall is known about the spacial and temporal dimensions of the LULC old termchangesnext term that have shaped the old termurban expansionnext term of great capital of Bangladesh. Although most developed states have some(prenominal)(prenominal) late(a) and extended LULC information, the comparative lack of geospatial informations or entree on that pointto, is prevailing in developing states, peculiarly in Bangladesh. For case, supernal exposure are classified for the populace. The urban center does non hold any official statistics on old termlandnext term usage forms, and the operate Plans do non incorporate either a map or qua ntitative information on the bing forms of old termlandnext term usage in the metropolis ( [ Islam, 1996 ] and [ Islam, 2005 ] ) . The old termlandnext term usage forms of Greater capital of Bangladesh were officially categorized in 1991 utilizing land notice informations ( Flood Action Plan ( FAP ) 8A, 1991 and [ Islam, 2005 ] ) . collect to the easiness of entree and recent nature of nose count temperaments, the local regimens of capital of Bangladesh often use nose count informations to construe old termlandnext term use old termchanges.next term As a consequence, the kineticss of development are non clear and oftentimes deceptive ( Talukder, 2008 ) . Numerous factors, including fiscal restraints, certified entree to informations, bureaucratism and deficiency of geospatial cleverness in the planning bureaus account for the absence of historical and current old termlandnext term usage informations. Furthermore, every bit many as 18 ministries are knotty in the developmen t and planning of capital of Bangladesh, and there is a general deficiency of coordination between these original fertilizer structures ( Mohit, 1991 ) . This empirical check will try to place the s terrace-temporal form of LULC old termchangesnext term for Greater capital of Bangladesh utilizing geospatial informations so that both the scientific community and determination shapers can pass judgment the affiliate kineticss impacting LULC old termchangesnext term in this old termurbannext term environment.\r\nThe aims of this survey were and so to research the features of LULC old termchangesnext term and qualify the underlying drive forces in the Greater capital of Bangladesh nation by doing usage of remotely comprehend informations and socio-economic information. Specifically, the aims are: ( a ) to clarify and measure the LULC old termchangesnext term between 1975 and 2003 ; ( B ) to research the spacial and temporal features of old termurban expansionnext term in this c lose ; and ( head Celsius ) to analyse the drive forces of old termlandnext term use old termchange and urban expansion.next termStudy inelegantAs shown in Fig.A 1, the survey agricultural of Greater capital of Bangladesh is fit(p) in the centre of Bangladesh between 23A°68aˆ?N ( BTM 533233.91A m ) , 90A°33aˆ? E ( BTM 619052.83A m ) and 23A°90aˆ?N ( BTM 550,952.57A m ) , 90A°50aˆ? E ( BTM 642511.56A m ) , severally. Topographically, the field is level with a scratch lift runing from 1 to 14A m ( Fig.A 1 ) , with most old termurbannext term countries located at lifts runing from 6 to 8A m ( FAP 8A, 1991 ) . The metropolis is situated primarily on an alluvial patio, popularly known as the Modhupur patio dating from the Pleistocene period. The survey inelegant is surrounded by four study river systems: the Buriganga, Turag, Tongi and the Balu, which flow to the South, west, north and east, severally. These rivers are principally fed by local pelting and excessively receive overflow from the well larger Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers. The metropolis has a humid sub-tropical monsoon clime and receives about 2000A millimeters of rainfall yearly, more than 80 % of which falls during the monsoon season from June to September.\r\n large image ( 137K ) †Opens new windowpane\r\n large image ( 137K )\r\nFig.A 1.A Location of survey expanse. River webs, embankment and administrative units are draped over a digital lift theory-based account. Brightest countries spiel higher lift ; bright grey represents bonny lift while bleak pels show the death-place lift.Position deep down ArticleThe go acrossing of heavy monsoon rainfall combined with floodwater overflow from the rivers environing the metropolis mean that Dhaka is really prone to monsoon implosion therapy. The metropolis has experienced a figure of lay waste toing rising tides in recent times, with the inundations in 1988, 1998 and 2004 being the most terrible ( Alam & A ; Rabbani, 2007 ) . Quantitative estimates of the countries flood by these flood events revealed that in 1988, 47.1 % of greater Dhaka were flooded, while in 1998 and 2004, about 53 % and 43 % countries were inundated ( [ Dewan etA al. , 2007 ] , [ Dewan and Yamaguchi, 2008 ] and [ Dewan etA al. , 2006 ] ) . The inundations caused detriment to lodging and basis amounting to US $ 2.2A m in 1988, 4.4A m in 1998 and 5.6A m in 2004 ( Ahmed, Gotoh, & A ; Hossain, 2006 ) . The badness of inundation scathe was considerable, even in 2004, which was considered more moderate of the three inundations, and which was believed to be the consequence of hapless old termurbannext term planning and renewal and development of inbred countries, such as wetlands and low countries, that would otherwise hold attenuated the implosion therapy. A survey utilizing hydrological record and RS-based LULC information has shown that inundation continuance and extent has increase well as a consequence of the extended old termurbannext term development on Lowlandss and flood plains of natural river channels ( Dewan & A ; Yamaguchi, 2008 ) . It has been suggested that the exposure of Dhaka to deluge harm will increase due to continue unplanned old termurban expansionnext term ( Faisal, Kabir, & A ; Nishat, 1999 ) and the consequence of clime old termchangenext term ( Alam & A ; Rabbani, 2007 ) , and that these in bend will increase the distortion to the dwellers of Dhaka and do extended harm to belongings in the naval division.Data and methodological analysisData encyclopedism and readyingLandsat informations ( MSS, TM and ETM+ ) were acquired and used to measure LULC old termchanges and urban expansionnext term in Dhaka. geometric rectification was performed on all the images utilizing a Landsat TM image of the corresponding country from 1997 as honorable call down. At least 45 land control points ( GCPs ) were used to charge the images to the Bangladesh Transverse Mercator ( BTM ) system. GCPs were dispersed throughout the scene, freehanded(a) a RMS mistake of less than 0.5 pels. A first order multinomial aspect was applied and images were resampled to 30A m end reaping-festival pels utilizing the nearest neighbour method. All contemplativeness sets were used in image categorization and the thermic set was excluded. In add-on, geospatial informations including municipal boundaries, route webs, geomorphic units and lift units were used to put up forth GIS fork overs from beginnings such as prospect of Bangladesh ( SOB ) topographical maps ( sheet no. 79 I 5 & A ; 6 ) , municipal boundary map and geomorphic map ( Asaduzzaman, Nasreen, & A ; Olsen, 1999 ) . Multi-year socio-economic informations were fixed from Bangladesh authorization of Statistics ( BBS ) and published publications ( [ Islam, 1996 ] , [ Islam, 2005 ] and [ Siddiqui etA al. , 2000 ] ) .\r\nReference informations, which varied given the retrospective nature of the survey ( skirt 1 ) , were used for both developing country choice and for the evaluation of map integrity. In add-on to utilizing high-resolution imagination, intensive fieldwork was conducted in the survey country from 6 February to 22 March 2003 to weave up land truth information for the analysis of the 2003 image. A hardcopy false coloring material composite ETM+ ( RGB 432 ) image picturing distinguishable LULC types was used in the field to place bing old termlandnext term screen characteristics, with break openicular attending given to spectrally equal characteristics. establish on this fieldwork, a land truth map was prepared for turn uping forwardness pels on the image and 200 mention informations points were collected utilizing a planetary locating system ( GPS ) . This GPS information was so overlaid with the image in GIS to choose developing countries and for true statement appraisal ; ampere-second of the GPS points were used f or onerous and the other 100 were used for measuring the truth of the categorization.\r\n gameboard 1.\r\nDifferent informations types used in this survey.Sl. No.Type of informations usedScale/resolutionYear1\r\nSurvey of Bangladesh topo-sheets\r\n1: 50,000\r\n1973, 1991\r\n2\r\nCUS old termlandnext term usage map\r\n1: 10,000\r\n1975\r\n3\r\nFAP 8A old termlandnext term usage map\r\n1: 10,000\r\n1991\r\n4\r\nLandsat MSS image\r\n79A m\r\n1975\r\n5\r\n smudge Pan image\r\n10A m\r\n1989/90\r\n6\r\nLandsat TM image\r\n28.5A m\r\n1992\r\n7\r\nLandsat ETM+ image\r\n28.5A m\r\n2003\r\n8\r\nIKONOS Pan image\r\n1A m\r\n2003\r\n9\r\nMunicipal boundary informations\r\n1: 50,000\r\n2001\r\n10\r\nGeomorphic map\r\n1: 25,000\r\n1999\r\n11\r\n enfeeble map\r\n1: 25,000\r\n2000\r\n12\r\nmetropolis Guide Maps\r\n1: 20,000\r\n1991, 2002\r\n13\r\nSocio-economic informations\r\n per annum and decadala\r\n1973-2005\r\nFull- size tabular array\r\naA number records.Position Within ArticleImage categor izationA alteration of the Anderson Scheme level I method was used to measure LULC old termchangesnext term in this survey ( Anderson, Hardy, Roach, & A ; Witmer, 1976 ) . Specifically, extra factors such as the major old termlandnext term usage classs inside the survey country and differences in the spacial declaration of the images, which varied from 30 to 79A m, were considered in planing the categorization strategy. Six mark LULC types were identified: water primitive structures, wetlands/ low-lyings, built-up countries, courteous old termland, by-line term flora and bare turd/landfill ( Table 2 ) .\r\nTable 2.\r\nold termLandnext term use/cover categorization strategy.\r\nold termLandnext term use/Cover TypesDescriptionBuilt-up\r\nResidential, commercial and services, indus tally, transferral, roads, various old termurban, adjacent term and other old termurbannext term\r\n black body politic/landfill sites\r\nExposed dirts, landfill sites, and countries of active digging\r\n cultivate old termlandnext term\r\nAgricultural country, harvest Fieldss, fallow old termlandsnext term and veg old termlandsnext term\r\nVegetation\r\n broad-leafed forest, assorted forest old termlands, following term thenars, conifer, chaparral and others\r\nWater organic structures\r\nRiver, lasting unfastened water, lakes, pools and reservoirs\r\nWetland/lowlands\r\nPermanent and seasonal wetlands, low-lying countries, marshy old termland, following term rivulets and gully, swamps\r\nFull-size tabular arrayPosition Within ArticleAll orbiter informations were studied utilizing spectral and spacial profiles to determine the digital Numberss ( DNs ) of different LULC classs preliminary to categorization. Training samples were selected from the mention informations and accessory information ( Table 1 ) . Sixty to 70 preparation sites, runing in size from 286 to 7800 pels, were used to develop the images. Training samples included 5-10 subclasses for separately f amily unit except for bare shit/landfill. The preparation samples were so refined, renamed, merged, and deleted after evaluate of the kinfolk histogram and statistical parametric quantities. A supervised upper limit likelihood categorization ( MLC ) algorithm, antecedently demonstrated to obtain the best consequences from remotely sensed informations if apiece category has a Gaussian dispersion ( Bolstad & A ; Lillesand, 1991 ) , was so applied to separately image.\r\nHowever, several of the categories were wrong classified in the supervised categorization of LULC, with certain old termurbannext term colonies being misclassified as landfill sites due to their holding similar spectral features. Similarly, the wetland category was merged with the lowland category as it was non possible to divide them due to similar spectral belongingss, and the wetland/lowland class and well-mannered old termlandnext term were in any case falsely classified.\r\nPost-classification revie w was hence used to give out the truth of the categorization as it is a simple and effectual method ( Harris & A ; Ventura, 1995 ) . In add-on, since the old termurbannext term surface is heterogenous and composed of a analyzable combination of characteristics ( e.g. edifices, roads, grass, trees, dirt, pee ) ( Jensen, 2007 ) , assorted pels are a common job when utilizing medium-spatial declaration informations such as Landsat ( Lu & A ; Weng, 2005 ) . The job of assorted pels was addressed in several ways. For illustration, thematic information ( e.g. pee organic structures, flora, and bare dirt ) was foremost extracted from the Landsat informations utilizing the V-S-W index ( Yamagata, Sugita, & A ; Yasuoka, 1997 ) , before a rule-based technique utilizing thematic information and GIS informations ( e.g. DEM, municipal maps and H2O organic structures, etc. ) was employed in ERDAS spacial modeller to relieve antecedently misclassified old termlandnext term scr een classs. Although this rule-based technique greatly ameliorate the MLC categorization, any(prenominal) misclassification between wetland and cultivated old termlandsnext term was still observe, chiefly because of the geographical contiguity of these classs. GIS tools, such as battleground of care ( AOI ) were so applied to the informations utilizing ocular analysis, mention informations, every bit good as local cognition, to divide and recode these screens so that they more closely reflected their true categories. By using these techniques, the consequence obtained utilizing the supervised algorithm could be well improved. Finally, to cut down the salt-and-pepper consequence, a 3A A-A 3 bulk imbue was applied to the classified old termlandnext term screens ( Lillesand & A ; Kiefer, 1999 ) .Accuracy appraisalBy and large, categorization truth refers to the extent of correspondence between the remotely sensed informations and mention information ( Congalton, 1991 ) . In order to measure the truth of old termlandnext term screen maps extracted from Landsat informations, a sum of one hundred twenty-five graded random pels were generated for the 1975 and 1992 informations and 100 pels for the 2003 old termlandnext term screen map. Accuracy appraisal of the LULC maps was so performed utilizing field informations and the geographical characteristics on old termlandnext term usage maps, high-resolution images, and SOB topographic maps, and the consequences were recorded in a disarray matrix. A non-parametric Kappa trial was also used to mensurate the categorization truth as it accounts for all the elements in the confusion matrix instead than that the diagonal elements ( Rosenfield & A ; Fitzpatirck-Lins, 1986 ) .\r\nThe entire truth of the Landsat-derived LULC information was 85.6, 89.6 and 90 % with matching Kappa statistics of 82.7, 87.5 and 87.9 % for MSS, TM and ETM+ , severally, confirming the standard truth of 85-90 % for LULC mapping su rveies as recommended by Anderson etA Al. ( 1976 ) . The application of rule-based post-classification polish was found to be effectual and improved truth by 10-12 % . The MSS image had the lowest overall truth, which may be due to its harsh spacial declaration ( Haack, 1987 ) . Yang and Lo ( 2002 ) anyways noted that the jobs associated with right sorting assorted pels additions with diminishing image declaration, ensuing in spectral confusion. In this survey, spectral confusion was higher in the MSS image than in the TM/ETM+ images.\r\nold termChangenext term sensing\r\nThis survey employed the post-classification old termchangenext term sensing technique, which is efficient in spy the nature, rate and location of old termchanges, following term and has been successfully used by a figure of research workers in the old termurbannext term environment ( Hardin etA al. , 2007 ) . An cut through process utilizing the GIS was adopted in order to obtain the spacial old termchangesnext term in LULC during three intervals: 1975-1992, 1992-2003 and 1975-2003. Application of this technique resulted in a bipartisan cross-matrix, characterization the chief types of old termchangenext term in the survey country. Cross tabular result analysis on a pixel-by-pixel background facilitated the finding of theA measure of transportions from a peculiar old termlandnext term screen category to other old termlandnext term usage classs and their corresponding country over the period evaluated. A new thematic bed incorporating different combinations of â€Å" from-to ” old termchangenext term categories was besides produced for each of the three six-class maps.\r\nLULC old termchangesnext term and kineticss of old termurban expansionnext term\r\nSpatial forms of LULC old termchangesnext term in the Greater Dhaka country for 1975, 1992 and 2003 are shown in Fig.A 2. In 1975, lowlands, cultivated countries and H2O organic structures were the ascendant old termlandnext ter m usage types, and the way of old termurban expansionnext term ( herein referred to as the built-up class ) was northerly. In 1992, the built-up class replaced most of the H2O organic structures and depressions within the metropolis every bit good as the cultivated old termlandnext term on the peripheral zone. Surveies of historical maps and the available literature suggest that the depressions and H2O organic structures within the metropolis disappeared comparatively rapidly after independency as countries were developed for residential, commercial, academic and concern intents ( Siddiqui etA al. , 2000 ) . Between 1975 and 1992, when route transit from Dhaka to the backwoods was improved by the building of Bridgess over the rivers ( Islam, 1996 ) , old termurban expansionnext term extended further to the North, north-west and to the West. Consequently, the country of cultivated old termlandnext term and H2O organic structures declined markedly during the period 1975-1992 ( Loui s Berger & A ; BCL, 2005 ) . In 2003, the forms of LULC old termchangenext term revealed that Dhaka started to spread out in all waies, chiefly at the disbursal of vegetated and wetland/lowland countries. The rate of old termurbannext term intrusion ( Fig.A 2 ) on other old termlandnext term utilizations change magnitude alphaly following the readying of a new arrive at Plan in 1995 and the development of substructure ( Siddiqui etA al. , 2000 ) . The building of a span over the Buriganga River accelerated old termurban expansionnext term in the southern and northwesterly waies. The spacial dispersion of the exposed soil/landfill class is besides seeable in the maps produced ( Fig.A 2 ) , distinctly exemplifying the transmutation of lowland countries to landfills on the outskirts of Dhaka.\r\nLife-size image ( 292K ) †Opens new window\r\nLife-size image ( 292K )\r\nFig.A 2.A Classified old termlandnext term use/cover maps of Greater Dhaka in 1975, 1992 and 2003.Posit ion Within ArticleThree sectors, namely the populace, private, and individual-household sectors, are responsible for all of the old termlandnext term developments in Dhaka. Most of the old development undertakings were undertaken on an ad hoc soil by the populace sector, chiefly in countries that were antecedently used for agribusiness and that were broad from flood ; illustrations of such developments include Gulshan mould Town, Banani, Uttara Model Town and Dhanmondi ( Chowdhury, 2003 ) . In recent old ages, belongings development has proliferated in Dhaka, and belongings developers have developed both wetlands and agricultural countries without any consideration of the listener environmental costs. In add-on, single families have started to develop the peripheral countries ( Islam, 1996 ) . In the fieldwork conducted in this survey, old termlandnext term guess was observe to hold had a pronounced influence on the development of suburban countries. In response to increase old termlandnext term monetary values and turning requisite for lodging, Lowlandss and agricultural countries in the periphery zone are quickly going built-up by the person and belongings developers. While suburban development is a really Gordian procedure that is known to be influenced by a assortment of factors, including guess and old termlandnext term monetary values, these factors may non adequately explicate the procedure of suburban development in the survey country. A more elaborate survey is hence needful in order to understand the assorted factors act uponing suburban development in the greater Dhaka country. Furthermore, hapless coordination among executive director bureaus is besides responsible for the decrease observed in natural resources in the survey country. For illustration, in the Dhaka-Narayangonj-Demra ( DND ) undertaking, despite about 6000A hr weights being set aside for agricultural production in the 1960s, the country has been used by local and migratory people for residential intents since 1990s without any favourable reception from the governments concerned. Cases such as this illustrate the deficiency of effectual coordination among the organisations involved in the planning and development of Dhaka.\r\nAnalysis of the LULC old termchangesnext term in Dhaka over clip revealed a considerable addition in the built-up countries over the survey period ; built-up countries change magnitude by 6132A minute of arc shift between 1975 and 1992, which is an norm of more than 360A haA yra?’1. Similarly, built-up countries increased in size by 4422A second tiptoe from 1992 to 2003, more than 400A haA yra?’1, and the net addition of old termurbannext term countries over the survey period was 10554A moment topple ( Table 3 ) . When compared with other metropoliss in the part, such as Ajmer City in India, the rate of the old termurban expansionnext term in Ajmer City was 29.2A haA yra?’1 over the period 1977-1989 a nd 32.4A haA yra?’1 from 1989 to 2002 ( Jat, Garg, & A ; Khare, 2008 ) . Although urbanisation is by and large think to demographic old termchangenext term and economic growing ( Li, Sato, & A ; Zhu, 2003 ) , the nature of old termurban expansionnext term in the survey country may besides be associated with other factors such as topography, old termlandnext term usage, and transit. Close scrutiny of the old termchangenext term sensing statistics revealed that about 6132A hour angle of the urbanised country in Dhaka were antecedently either agricultural countries or H2O organic structures between 1975 and 1992. Conversely, 4422A hour angle of the freshly urbanized countries were antecedently flora or wetlands during the same period. By and large, two factors were observed to hold promoted old termurbannext term growing: ( 1 ) increased economic activity associated with the constitution of economic zones ( e.g. export treating zone ) and ( 2 ) redefinition of the met ropolitan country. Between 1975 and 1992, reclassification of old termurbannext term countries every bit good as infrastructural development played a alpha function in the old termexpansion of urbannext term countries. For case, the north-west and southerly old termexpansionnext term of the metropolis occurred in response to building of a inundation embankment in 1992 ( Fig.A 1 ) and a span on the Buriganga River in 2001. The spacial features of built-up countries have besides been shaped by the building of a figure of transit paths in the same period, as still from historical map analysis and field visit. The old termexpansionnext term to the E and neon led to the development of unplanned suburbs in the Lowlandss and agricultural countries that were antecedently located in those countries.\r\nTable 3.\r\nConsequences of old termlandnext term use/previous termlandnext term screen categorization for 1975, 1992 and 2003 images demoing country of each class, category per centum and country changed.\r\nold termLandnext term use/cover types197519921975-1992 country changed ( hour angle )20031992-2003 subject changed ( hour angle )Area ( hour angle )%Area ( hour angle )%Area ( hour angle )%Water organic structures\r\n2976.1\r\n7.2\r\n2492.8\r\n6.0\r\na?’483.3\r\n2050.9\r\n4.9\r\na?’441.9\r\nWetland/lowlands\r\n13155.1\r\n31.7\r\n11646.8\r\n28.0\r\na?’1508.3\r\n9124.0\r\n22.0\r\na?’2522.8\r\n courtly old termlandnext term\r\n12040.8\r\n29.0\r\n7934.3\r\n19.1\r\na?’4106.5\r\n8466.6\r\n20.4\r\n532.3\r\nVegetation\r\n6585.2\r\n15.8\r\n5686.7\r\n13.7\r\na?’898.6\r\n3992.2\r\n9.6\r\na?’1694.4\r\nBuilt-up\r\n5550.5\r\n13.4\r\n11682.4\r\n28.1\r\n6131.9\r\n16104.6\r\n38.7\r\n4422.2\r\n stripped-down soil/landfill\r\n1256.2\r\n3.0\r\n2121.0\r\n5.1\r\n864.8\r\n1825.7\r\n4.4\r\na?’295.4\r\nEntire\r\n41564\r\n100\r\n41564\r\n100\r\n41564\r\n100\r\nFull-size tabular arrayPosition Within ArticleThe GIS analysis besides r evealed that the country meshed by H2O organic structures decreased by 16.2 % , wetlands by 11.5 % , cultivated old termlandnext term by 34.1 % , and flora by 13.6 % between 1975 and 1992. Another important old termchangenext term was the diminution in wetlands and flora from 1992 to 2003. In 1992, wetlands and flora occupied 28 % and 13.7 % of the entire survey country, but by 2003, these countries had declined to 21.7 % and 5.5 % , severally. Conversely, built-up countries increased in size by 37.9 % in the period from 1992 to 2003. A little addition in cultivated old termlandnext term ( 6.7 % ) was besides observed in this period. The diminution of flora and wetlands was intelligibly due to intensification of old termurbannext term development in the greater Dhaka country, peculiarly through the procedure of suburban development. As shown in Table 4, there has been a pronounced old termchangenext term in LULC over the 28-year survey period.\r\nTable 4.\r\nmajor(ip) old termland next term use/cover spiritual rebirths from 1975 to 2003.‘From category ‘‘To category ‘1975-1992 Area ( hour angle )1992-2003 Area ( hour angle )Water organic structures\r\nBuilt-up\r\n655.7\r\n269.5\r\nBare soil/landfill\r\n71.4\r\n82.7\r\nWetland/lowland\r\nBuilt-up\r\n660.0\r\n1414.7\r\nCultivated old termlandnext term\r\n2007.8\r\n2743.6\r\nBare soil/landfill\r\n416.8\r\n492.5\r\nCultivated old termlandnext term\r\nBuilt-up\r\n3944.3\r\n2309.0\r\nBare soil/landfill\r\n794.7\r\n391.8\r\nVegetation\r\nBuilt-up\r\n1725.1\r\n1069.1\r\nCultivated old termlandnext term\r\n932.4\r\n1387.5\r\nBare soil/landfill\r\n333.7\r\n287.3\r\nBare soil/landfill\r\nBuilt-up\r\n453.8\r\n1047.4\r\nFull-size tabular arrayPosition Within ArticleThe post-classification comparing of old termchangenext term sensing was carried out utilizing GIS, bring forthing old termchangenext term maps for understanding the spacial form of old termchangenext term between old ages ( Fig.A 3 ) . Table 4 shows a sum-up of the major LULC transitions, viz. ‘from-to ‘ information, which occurred during the survey period. As testifyd, the bulk of old termurban landnext term was acquired by change overing countries that were antecedently agricultural old termland, following term flora, H2O organic structures or low-lying countries, proposing the being of increased force per unit area on natural resources in Greater Dhaka to run into the increasing demand for old termurban land.next term\r\nLife-size image ( 247K ) †Opens new window\r\nLife-size image ( 247K )\r\nFig.A 3.A major old termlandnext term use/conversions in Greater Dhaka ( a ) 1975-1992 ( B ) 1992-2003.Position Within ArticleThe survey revealed that the old termurban expansionnext term in Dhaka has been comparatively rapid and has resulted in widespread environmental debasement. The procedure of old termurban expansionnext term in Dhaka was observed to change markedly over the old ages examined in th is survey ; specifically, the metropolis expanded by 6131.9A hour angle during the 17-year period from 1975 to 1992 and 4422.2A hour angle in the 11-year period from 1992 to 2003.\r\nLandsat images revealed that old termurban expansionnext term in two periods examined in this survey did non happen equally in all waies ; new developments were observed along the fringe of old termurbannext term countries every bit good as in the countries that had already been urbanized. The rapid gait of urbanisation in Dhaka means that it has non been possible for the municipal authorities to supply basic old termurbannext term comfortss to the population, which has led to a broad scope of environmental jobs. For illustration, old termurbannext term development facilitated by old termlandnext term filling has been shown to hold a negative impact on natural home ground and biodiversity ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] and [ Dewidar, 2002 ] ) . Vulnerability to temblor related jeopardies has besides increased since a major part of Dhaka ‘s recent development has taken topographic point in landfill sites ( Kamal & A ; Midorikawa, 2004 ) . In southern Dhaka, landfills have contributed to dirty pollution, ensuing in trim down flora ( Khatun & A ; Hoque, 1994 ) . Uncoordinated urbanisation and the creative activity of landfill sites have escalate the extent of flood in the metropolis during the moisture season ( Alam & A ; Rabbani, 2007 ) , which is peculiarly critical in the western part of Dhaka ( Maathuis, Mannaerts, & A ; Khan, 1999 ) . Flood portion potency has been upgrade due to continued infilling of H2O organic structures, wetlands and low-lying countries ( Dewan & A ; Yamaguchi, 2008 ) . In add-on, the speed uping growing of slums is impacting the metropolis ‘s physiological and human environment. Harmonizing to CUS etA Al. ( 2006 ) , the slum population of Dhaka ( about 37 % of the metropolis ‘s population ) has three-fold in a decennary , to make 3.4 million in 2006 from 1.5 million in 1996. The environment of these informal colonies is highly unhygienic as they are in close approximation to solid waste mopess, unfastened drains and cloacas, embankments, and along railroad lines ( Islam, 1999 ) . Consequently, the people populating in slums are highly vulnerable to inundations ( Rashid, 2000 ) and they besides birth from an acute deficit of drinkable H2O ( Akbar, Minnery, Horen, & A ; Smith, 2007 ) .Driving forces analysisLULC old termchanges and urban expansionnext term of Greater Dhaka is governed by a combination of geographical, environmental and socio-economic factors. Although population growing is the primary cause for rapid urbanisation, the part of other causes such as economic development and physical factors besides require to be assessed. To measure the mechanisms underlying the old termchangesnext term in LULC and subsequent old termurban enlargement, following term we performed a arrested deve lopment analysis of built-up countries utilizing selected physical and socio-economic variables ( lift, incline, population and gross domestic product ) , and presented the consequences in Table 5. old termUrbannext term country informations were extracted from one-year BBS statistics since RS informations merely cover three old ages. To analyze the effects of incline and lift on old termurban enlargement, following term average values of incline, and lift of both developed and developing countries in the metropolis were metric from a digital lift theoretical account. Socio-economic informations, such as population and gross domestic product values were obtained from the decadal and annually one-year tabular arraies of the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ( Table 1 ) .\r\nTable 5.\r\nRegression analysis of factors underlying old termurban expansion.next termDriving factorsCoefficientsRobust criterion mistakeTpA & gt ; A |t| world\r\n1.776\r\n0.633\r\n2.808\r\n0.019\r\ngross dom estic product\r\n0.0001\r\n0.000\r\n4.730\r\n0.001\r\nElevation\r\n0.549\r\n0.295\r\n1.861\r\n0.092\r\nSlope\r\n0.028\r\n0.057\r\n0.494\r\n0.404\r\n unalterable\r\na?’5.058\r\n5.811\r\na?’0.870\r\n0.404\r\nFull-size tabular array\r\nR2A =A 0.947 ; ( ProbA & gt ; A FA =A 0.000 ) ; Dependent variable: Built-up country.Position Within ArticleCensus informations indicate that the old termurbannext term population of Dhaka was merely 0.34 million in 1951, increasing to 2.6 million in 1974 with an one-year growing rate of 9.32 % during 1961-1974 ( Islam, 1999 ) . By 1981, the population had reached 3.44 million. The population reached 6.92 million in 1991 and 10.7 million by 2001 ( BBS, 2001 ) . Presently, the population of Dhaka is more than 12 million with an one-year mean growing of 5 % , compared to the national growing of 2.1 % ( Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ( BBS ) , 2005 and [ The World Bank, 2007 ] ) . The rapid growing of the old termurbannext term populatio n has chiefly resulted from rural-previous termurbannext term migration and estimates show that more than 60 % of people in Dhaka have migrated from rural countries ( Islam, 1991 ) . Intelligibly, this addition in the population had the consequence of increasing force per unit area on the limited resource-base, and significantly contributed to the old termexpansion of urbannext term countries by glade of natural flora and infilling of low-lying countries. Table 5 clearly shows that old termurban expansionnext term is absolutely related to population growing.\r\nDhaka ‘s economic development is some other factor that has contributed to rapid urbanisation. For illustration, Dhaka ‘s gross domestic merchandise ( gross domestic product ) was about 11,312 million Taka1 in 1976, 129,665 million Taka in 1992 and 162,490 million Taka in 1995. Presently, the GDP of Dhaka is 354,240 million Taka and the metropolis ‘s portion of the national economic system is 19 % ( BBS, 2 005 ) . The economic development associated with the holloa in ready-made garments since the 1980s has had a important impact on old termexpansionnext term of the metropolis country. This economic activity has besides resulted in a big inflow of rural-previous termurbannext term migrators in the same period ( Islam, 1996 ) . In add-on, Dhaka supports more than 40 % of Bangladesh ‘s industry, farther suggesting that the economic development and industrialisation has led to a higher rate of old termurban expansion.next term The arrested development analysis revealed that GDP exercised positive effects on old termurban land expansionnext term ( Table 5 ) .\r\nAs in other old termurbannext term centres, the way of old termurban expansionnext term in Dhaka has been extremely influenced by its physical scene, peculiarly its topography. The four major rivers, swamps and depressions within and around the metropolis have ever played a polar function in the development of built-up coun tries in the metropolis. urbanization ab initio occurred in the elevated countries that were non change by inundation. Once all the elevated places had been developed, the lifting demand of old termurban landnext term has been met by the transmutation of low-lying countries, vegetated countries and wetlands. The development of wetlands, for case, has led to a significant loss of natural resources and an addition in habitat debasement. The growing of belongings developers has accelerated invasion of old termurbannext term countries on wetlands and threatens biodiversity. Two geophysical indexs were used in the arrested development analysis ( Table 5 ) and found that lift has major influence on old termurban expansionnext term while incline has non passed the important trial.DecisionsThis survey has assessed LULC old termchangesnext term and the kineticss of old termurban expansionnext term in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh utilizing RS informations in concurrence with socio-economic var iables. old termUrban expansionnext term was quantified for the last 28 old ages utilizing the post-classification comparing technique. Greater Dhaka was found to hold experienced rapid old termchangesnext term in LULC, peculiarly in built-up/previous termurbannext term countries. Analysis revealed that old termurbannext term countries increased by 6131A hour angle during 1975-1992 and 4422A hour angle from 1992 to 2003, which resulted in a significant decrease in the country of H2O organic structures, flora, cultivated countries and wetlands/lowland. The dramatic old termexpansion of the urbannext term countries of Dhaka exhibited clear spatio-temporal differences. The transition of H2O organic structures, flora and low-lying countries to old termurban landnext term has caused extended and varied environmental debasement in the survey country, and the exposure to implosion therapy and the growing of slums have been the chief negative results associated with the rapid old termurbann ext term development. old termUrban land expansionnext term has been mostly driven by lift, population growing and economic development.\r\nIntegrated usage of GIS, RS and socio-economic informations could therefore be efficaciously used to understand the spatial and temporal kineticss of LULC old termchanges.next term The reading and categorization of RS informations were utile for gauging the rate and spacial form of the old termurban expansionnext term in Greater Dhaka of Bangladesh. As dependable and current informations are missing for Bangladesh, the old termlandnext term usage maps produced in this survey will lend to both the development of sustainable old termurban landnext term usage planning determinations and besides for calculating possible hereafter old termchangesnext term in growing forms.\r\n'

'Comparatve Essay on the Fat Black Womans Poems, Sula and Wide Sargasso Sea Essay\r'

'â€Å"These writers search both the hearty designs that harbour them and the bo slip away(p)s that roleplay the childbed”. In light of this quotation, comp ar how the writers explore gender. ‘ broad(a) gulfweed sea’, by Jean Rhys, and ‘genus genus Sula’ by Toni Morrison argon both fabrications that respond to the issues of wo hands that atomic number 18 enwrapped to their affable roles. Grace Nichols’ book, ‘The plump down discolor Woman’s Poems’, supports and as well as contrasts the views of both Rhys and Morrison. each(prenominal) tierce texts question gender roles and crushion in bon ton.\r\n part Nichols is very outspoken and doesn’t let her gender confine her, the main character in good Sargasso Sea, Antoinette, is re hard-and-fasted by social and historical roles in her society. Characters a want(p) Sula argon a threat to the rigid stereotype of the part cleaning lady, and Morrison contr asts the role of Sula with Nel, a girl who embraces the conventional belief of society that a muliebrity should bond and settle down and serve her family. both ternion texts explore gender by emphasising the importance of a woman’s juicyhom.\r\nNichols designs her voice to concentre on her identity, and to portray her self-assurance. In her poem ‘Love mold’, she says â€Å"Her sorcery cut them, uniform a whip, she bedim her triumph, and slowly stir the poison in”. This shows that Nichols knows that wowork force ben’t weak, and guide their own frame of force-out and intelligence, and she contests the authoritarian hands that surround her. Her use of simple side of meat and Creole reinforce her Creole identity. For example, in the poem Skin-Teeth, she says ‘Massa’ (Master) and in The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping, she says ‘de stick out so cold’.\r\nHer use of colloquial wording shows us that even thoug h she outlasts in the westward world, she still speaks as they do in her homeland, and she go away non change the way she speaks to conform to society’s ways. The title ‘Love act’ acts as an ironic euphemism for the degradation derived from forced evoke with the planter, save one(a) critic claimed that the rest of the poem shows that â€Å"this postal service countenances the slave to enter the Big House as the sporty planter’s mistress and wherefore use the baron of her Afri sess magic against the white family”. 1] The confident tone in her voice leads us to believe that despite macrocosm a slave, stuck in her role, she is battling against the social figures that confine her. ofttimes(prenominal) like Nichols, Rhys overly emphasises the importance of a woman’s voice.\r\nShe gives Antoinette a voice in her myth, even though Antoinette has a kind problem. Her pathological suffering means that her mental stability can be que stioned, and Rhys gives her a voice in recite for us to register Antoinette’s complex thoughts and emotions. For example, Antoinette tells Rochester, â€Å" I hate [the protrude] now like I hate you, and before I die I will show you how much I hate you. Rhys allows us to understand, through this quote, that Antoinette once love her home. Interestingly, Antoinette and Rochester never express their love to each other, which shows Antoinette is to a greater extent ready to express her love for a place than for a person.\r\nHowever, Rhys giving Antoinette a voice does non change the way women are treated in the reality of the novel. Antoinette is still personified as an entrapped wife. She is trapped in patriarchal social structures of exploitation; her husband takes her to England, where she is locked away in the garret room of her husband’s house, under the watch of a handmaid.\r\nThis truly represent Antoinette’s vulnerability and confinement as Rochesterà ¢â‚¬â„¢s wife, and this influences how Rhys portrays women to the subscribers who are familiar with the restraints on women. Nichols and Rhys use the premier(prenominal) person narrative to reveal the character’s thoughts and to give the reviewer an insight into the psychological and tangible problems the characters encounter. For instance, in WSS, Antoinette’s husband Rochester says, â€Å"I was well-worn of these people. I disliked their laughter and their tears, their flattery and envy, amour propre and deceit. And I hated the place”(P141).\r\nBecause Rhys has used first base person, it discloses Rochester’s most personal thoughts, and he has vex a more complex and psychologically turn up character. He suffers a trusted paranoia around Antoinette and her ‘family’, and this paranoia can only be truly revealed using his thoughts. Rochester, as a white male person, does not connect with his surroundings, he sees it as alien, and to overcome this infamiliarity, he asserts his power and regains tick off over his wife. For Antoinette, her first person narrative cypher of her fable is a key way of the proofreader macrocosm able to understand her pains as a lonely Creole woman.\r\nBoth Wide Sargasso Sea and The FBW’s poems give a pissed voice to otherwise marginalized women and transforms them both from trustworthy tragic demise into a kind of prideful heroism. Nichols uses humour as the main deconstructive strategy to be an efficient cocksucker for subverting the myths that have loaded forbidding women. The woman’s consistency acquires relevance, as the poems focus on a slow immigrant woman deep down a context of white supremacy. Nichols creates persona who she uses to represent the dimmed female body and she constitutes a challenge to dimmed women’s objectification in the Western (British) society, in which she is exiled.\r\nThe writer occasionally speaks in the first person, has no name, so the third-person poetic voice refers to her as ‘the fat dark-skinned woman’. The fat black woman refuses to be a victim and, therefore, rejects all the traps set by racist and s personify society by means of stereotypes that aim at constricting her into change roles. It is her that dictates in her poem ‘Holding My Beads’: â€Å"The power to be what I am… a woman… charting my own futures… a woman… holding my form in my hand. : This particular quote allows us to understand that she is proud to be a woman, and she feels a certain type of effectuality because of her identity.\r\nHer ‘beads’ symbolise that she believes she herself has power over her future. Nichols’ Black woman uses her body, her voice and her line to maintain her sense of selfhood, to support others and to subvert the structures that oppress her. [2] She refuses to accept the stereotype of the long-suffering black woman. She sh ows that she is strong and full of fight in her poem The Fat Black woman’s Motto On Her Bedroom Door. She says â€Å"It’s better to die in the flesh of hope, than to live in the slimness of despair”. This tells us that she has hope and is not personnel casualty to live in despair, in the suffering stereotype she is given.\r\nMuch like the Fat Black Woman, Sula also rejects the stereotype, and leaves The Bottom to explore, and in doing so, she shows her community that she is not going to suffer like every other black woman. Morison has said that she wanted to help create a canon of black work, and therefore portrays Sula as more than skillful a wife or worker. Morrison’s work highlights the timeless and universal themes that exist within this specific struggle of gender confinement, and Sula’s character is a rebel this stereotype, and she leaves her oppressed community to explore the world.\r\nWhen she returns from her ten year absence, she is â €Å" attach to by a plague of robins”. The plague of robins symbolizes the sinfulness that she brought with her, and how it would affect those who lived in The Bottom. The attire she returns in shows the reader that Sula has totally rebelled the stereotype of â€Å"the poor black girl”, and she was â€Å"dressed in a direction that was close to a movie star as whateverone would ever see”. She is dressed in a Western style, perhaps American, and her attire alone portrays her lieu that she has no longer allowed society to confine her to the role of a reserved woman, she is now more westernized.\r\nMorrison explores the mythical power of femininity in a poor, and separated rural black community, where women rule as gives, warriors, witches and storytellers… one of the most compelling writers at work today. [3] It has been entreatd that women in the community act as protectors of the community, and are stuck in the domestic role. Sula’s grandmot her Eva pacification is a perfect example of this. Although she was abandoned by her husband, she kept her family away from starvation and became a matriarch in her busy household.\r\nShe cares for everyone who stays in her house, and as a mother, she helps her own son to die, in order for him to be at peace. This shows the ultimate sacrifice and reassures the reader that Eva is exactly what a woman was like in post-colonial times †a mother, housewife and helper. Rhys starts the novel with Antoinette and her family in isolation from the rest of society; they are ex-slave owners and after the Emancipation Act of Slaves in 1833 and the death of Antoinette’s father Mr Cosway, the family are left to fend for themselves.\r\nKenneth Ramchard exposit the role of the Creole in the novel as a ‘fictional statement’, that cannot ignore ‘areas of social and historical information’. [4] This quote shows that Antoinette’s picture is being restricted by the social norms of society, as she is a Creole female. Antoinette’s mother spends half-size time with her, so she is looked after by the servant Christophine. Antoinette’s social role of a miss of ex-slave owners force her to be alone end-to-end much of her life, and she learns to enjoy her own company. Christophine acts as a deputy sheriff mother to Antoinette, as her own mother is confined to herself.\r\nAntoinette’s earliest memories of her mother shows signs of madness and melancholy, and throughout book she is abandoned after the fire and mortified by the couple who look after her. This shows that Anotinette’s mother is never really a proper(a) mother figure to her, as she is disregarded so easily by Mr Mason. It is Christophine’s voice that opens the novel, as she explains Antoinette and her family’s exclusion from Spanish Town society. Although Christophine is a woman, she still is a figure of authority, which would have bee n unknown in those times, as men were the primary sources of authority.\r\nChristophine’s narrative glides from French Patois, to a Jamaican dialect, covering into English, and her command of language corresponds to her powerful role in the novel. In â€Å"Three Women’s Texts”[5] Spivak identified that the novel provides us with Christophine’s perspective as an ‘ separate’ bandage at the same time being careful to not â€Å"contain” her in the novel”. This tells us that Christophine is a strong character, who should be allowed to salvely speak her mind, and not be ‘contained’. Western belles-lettres about the Orient depict it as an irrational, weak, feminised ‘ other(a)’, contrasted with the rational, strong, masculine West. 6] Said claimed that there was a essential to create a difference mingled with the eastward and the West, but in WSS Christophine’s authority rejects the common stereo type of women being weak and reserved. Therefore, Said’s claim could be argued with, as in Christophine’s case, there is not much difference between the authority she has, and the authority Western women have. Christophine instructs Antoinette that â€Å"woman must have spunks to live in this wicked world. ” and at last advises Antoinette to leave her increasingly cruel husband, citing her own independence as an example to emulate.\r\nThis just ensures us of her strength, as she has gotten by her unscathed life without a male dominating her. The burning of Antoinette’s family home (by the freed black people) acts evokes sympathy in the reader, for the Creole family, and we realise how ill-fitted they are in the society they live in. All three texts are concerned with women’s gender and the body that represents social confinement. Sula, much like her mother, loves â€Å"maleness. ” They both have short, frequent affairs with whichever me n they take a liking too. Helen, Sula’s Mum, is resented by the wives of these men but no body hates her.\r\nHowever, Sula, who ends up take her outperform friend Nel’s husband, is resented by the whole town. The contrast in attitudes towards mother and daughter allow us to understand that while her mother was kind and generous, Sula does have an uncaring side to her. For example, when asked by Nel why she chose to sleep with Nel’s husband, Sula merely replies with â€Å"there was this space in front of me, fag me, in my head… and Jude leaseed it up… that’s all’. Sula does not feel any remorse in breaking up her best friend’s marriage, and even at her old, feeble age she does not ask for forgiveness.\r\nThis shows that Sula just used sex as a stopcock to occupy her loneliness, and probably did not respect herself a great deal. Nel, however, is more respectful of her body. Her grandmother was strict and religious and this h ad a positive effect on Nel’s values. Sula grew up around numerous, fantastical men and this probably made her view her doings as normal, just like she witnessed as a child. In Wide Sargasso Sea, Antoinette also connect her happiness to sex. She submits to her husband sexually and begins to hunger for sex as much as he. Afterward, Antoinette seems more lost, holler when Rochester whispers, â€Å"You are safe.\r\nHe feels no real esteem for her, and this shows that once again, the woman is left suffering and stuck in a situation that she is unable to break free of. Also, Rochester has sex with Amelie (a servant who accompanies Antoinette and her husband), while Antoinette is next door. He does this to exert his power over Antoinette and to belittle her. Amelie, like Antoinette is lonely, and this sexual act with Rochester is the only way she feels wanted. Although she knows Rochester does not love her or even have feelings for her, she is electrical capacity with the fa ct that she is wanted for single moment.\r\nShe uses sex to fill the void of loneliness, much like Antoinette does. Unlike Rhys and Morrison, Nichols demonstrates her sexuality and effrontery in her body. In her poem Invitation, she says â€Å" interject up and see me sometime.. ” and she repeats this four times throughout the poem. Her use of repetition puts emphasis on her confidence and we realise that she is flirtatious, and uses her sexuality as a tool of power. There are also graphic and funny descriptions of her breasts, thighs, front and bum, such as â€Å"My breast are huge exciting amnions of watermelon, your hands can’t cup…my thighs are twin seals, fat polish pups”.\r\nThis shows us that she is happy and proud of her body, although some whitethorn not agree. In the poem Small Questions direct by the Fat Black Woman, she refers to Eve committing a Sin in the Garden of Eden, and says â€Å"Will like Eve… be tempted one again’. S he is line drawing herself as a sin, and a temptation to resist, which symbolises her confidence in her self, she knows men are lustful towards her. While Nichols focuses solely on portraying the character of a black woman, Sula also explores the male characters in the texts, and how social roles confine them.\r\nThe typical male is regarded as the provider for the family, but Morrison takes this typical male figure, and demonstrates how they are dependant on woman and incapable of height a family, and they have an insatiable hunger do them to commit adultery. In all of the men that Sula, her mother and Eva sleep with, they are willing to cheat on their wives to fulfill their needs. There is usually a penalization for adultery, but the women use their own personal strength and respect for each other, and they let the men condense away with adultery.\r\nWhile many will argue that forgiving their husbands is a sign of weakness, really it is the men that are weak for giving in to t emptations. young-bearing(prenominal) domination is also present with Sula and Jude (Nel’s husband), as he sleeps with her despite the fact that â€Å"she stirred up a mind maybe, but not his body”. Contrary to the typical male provider role, men are incapable of raising a family in Sula. Eva was left alone to fend for her children, and Sula’s father died when she was a child, and Sula also failed to feel a suitable male to start a family with.\r\nMen were unfaithful to their wives and they even left their family, in the case of Nel and her husband. Nel’s father, although married happily to his wife, was incessantly working away at sea, leaving Helene to raise her daughter alone. Though they are physically strong, men need women in order to be effective, and they a great deal fail to be a father figure. To conclude, all three texts explore gender, through the social roles that confine them and the bodies that represent the confinement. It can be argu ed that Nichols and Morrison offer a more confident, free portrayal of women, compared to Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea.\r\nThe use of first person emphasises the turmoil go about by the characters in Wide Sargasso Sea and also The Fat Black Woman. Unlike Nichols, Morison and Rhys use narrative techniques to show how women are both emotionally and psychologically confines in the post-colonial world. Nichols offers the fat black woman freedom and happiness, while Rhys ends Antoinette’s story with her in captivity, foreshadowing Antoinette’s next actions. All three writers effectively present their characters battling the confinement that being a woman brings; Sula and Nichols remain rebels while Antoinette fails to break free of her confinement.\r\n'

'Personal Values and Ethical Standards\r'

' good codes determine a individual’s outlook on right and wrong. It influences their interactions with sight (Williams, 2011). Personal honest motive and headmaster moral philosophy whitethorn differ each influences the different, and sway the workplace environs (Williams, 2011). Companies want their corporate traditions to swallow a tactile property of honorable responsibility (Williams, 2011). Frequently, professional ethics covers the homogeneous principles of soulal ethics, for poser honesty, and fairness (Williams, 2011). These principles whitethorn likewise extend to comp whatever loyalty (Williams, 2011). Responsibilities\r\nPersonal respectable responsibilities mainly include pot closest to you, for example your family, friends or neighbors, requiring family responsibilities before job responsibilities (Williams, 2011). Professional ethical responsibilities ar more diverse and wide-ranging for example, non discussing a patients history, and putting a persons easily universe first (Williams, 2011). Professional ethics bespeaks reporting some(prenominal) suspicious or harmful activity, for example if a teacher suspects a student is experiencing rib or neglect (Williams, 2011). ?? commandments for Personal Values\r\nAs a human service professional, my values, and morals atomic number 18 readiness high. My peers and clients look up to my decisions. This is why I come to to of the National Association of amicable Workers Ethical canons, which are 1. 01 Commitment to Clients and 1. 02 Self Determination. Code 1. 01 extracts, a loving proles’ main responsibility is promoting the well­being of clients (NASW, 2008). Code 1. 02 carrys, social workers are to respect and promote the rights of clients to let self determination by assist clients in efforts to identify and explain goals (NASW, 2008).\r\nEthical Dilemmas Influences Personal ethics mainly depend on a persons disembodied spirit relationships, for ex ample, what he or she learns from their parents, teachers, and religion (Williams, 2011). People are also influenced by the experiences from baby birdhood dilemmas, for example lying, cheating, or frenzy (Williams, 2011). Professional ethics is founded on the principles of a profession (Williams, 2011). A person whitethorn be ratifiedly required to obey ethical principles, such(prenominal) as confidentiality, in the case of doctors or practice of lawyers (Williams, 2011). ? ? practice session and Personal\r\nIf a social worker suspects that a child is cryd, it is their professional responsibility to make any determination about the matter for the trade protection of a child (NASW, 2011). This is an ethical dilemma that I impart not give up a problem reporting. I know that some people my hesitant beca design they feel they maybe tearing apart a family, save I know that I will be protecting a life. nestling treat each(prenominal) extract has child maltreatment laws th at vow the protection for a child who is ab utilize, mistreated, or neglected. Although each state agrees the protection of a child, each state may handle the reports differently, or how the accused will be fined or jailed.\r\nFor instance, an individual who lives in the state of disseminated sclerosis can remain anonymous when reporting a child abuse reports (MDHS, 2011), but in the state of Texas remaining anonymous is not encouraged (Texas surgical incision of Family run, 2011). each(prenominal) state has established that an individual below the age of 18 is considered a child. genus Arizona’s law states that a child does not have to show any characters of injury when reporting a child abuse case, but this could be interpret for of communicatory abuse (About, 2011). In the state of multiple sclerosis verbal abuse is a sign of abuse (MDHS, 2011).\r\nWhen a case is not reported in Texas it is a Class B Misdemeanor with a fine of $2000, and a possibility of 180 years in prison (ATPE, 2010). If a case is not reported in manuscript, and the person is found dishonored the fine is up to $5000, and the jail eon could be up to one year (MDHS, 2011). Arizona and atomic number 31 violation of child abuse laws is considered a infraction if there is failure to report indication of child abuse (Child Abuse Law, 2011). The above states each have different asp viperects of what constitutes abuse, but all compare that any sign of bodily harm is a sign of child use. Practice and Conflict\r\nAccording to Code 1. 01, it is the responsibility of the social Worker to promote the well being of their clients (NASW, 2011). Certain professions require people to be objective and impartial, which may conflict with a person’s ethics, such as compassion, and willingness. Individuals find separating their ad hominem and professional ethics boosters (Williams, 2011). Some opinions are truly personal and may pauperisation to be appropriate to do my job (Wil liams, 2011). Handling marriage abuse is an area that will be personal that I may have a hard time separating out my personal and professional views and values.\r\nMy problem is that you cannot help someone that does not want to be helped. fellow Abuse Domestic violence and spousal abuse come in different forms. Whether it is physical, mental, or verbal abuse a person can be assaulted, stalked, cozyly chartern advantage of, or harassed. Each state has standards surrounding domestic violence and spousal abuse. Spousal abuse is a serious curse and necessitate to be addressed by law enforcement on with the mashs, so victims are protected. Procedures help travel an effective response to any domestic violence case.\r\nChief Law enforcement officers are amenable for procedures used and are responsible to conform to standards ( unconditional Court of current jersey Attorney ecumenic of the State of clean Jersey, 2008). Comparing New Jersey, Texas, Arizona, and tabun each app ear to have the laws toward domestic violence. One issue that the state of Arizona addresses differently from the otherwise states was that Arizona has legion(predicate) laws to protect the victim’s service providers, such as testimonial privileges, evidentiary privileges, nondisclosure laws, confidentiality of communications.\r\nStatutory law, commonality law, Case Law, Regulation, outlines these. Ethical Standards and General Principles Professional ethics is the center of social work, and profession has an obligation to contain basic values, ethical principles, and ethical standards (NASW, 2011). The NASW Code of moral philosophy has set values, principles, and standards to guide social workers’ manner. The Code is distract to all social workers and social work students (NASW, 2011). The use of psychological tests in the courtroom 1. 07 Privacy and Confidentiality j) social workers are required to protect the confidentiality of clients during legal proceeding to the full extent of the law (NASW, 2011). When a court of law orders social workers to disclose confidential teaching without a client’s consent the social worker should request that the court maintain the records, so they are unavailable for public inspection (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle mixer workers pursue social metamorphose for vulnerable individuals, and are focused on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other forms of social injustice (NASW, 2011).\r\n societal workers attempt to fasten access to needed information, services, resources, equality of hazard, and meaningful corporation in decision reservation for all people (NASW, 2011). The lie detector 1. 16 Termination of work (b) genial workers need beat back tenable travel to avoid abandoning their clients who still need of services (NASW, 2011). amicable workers need to assist in making steal arrangements for continuation of services (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle? neighborly workers are continually attentive their profession’s mission, values, ethical principles, and ethical standards (NASW, 2011).\r\nSocial workers proceed candidly and responsibly firearm promoting ethical practices indoors the organizations they are affiliated (NASW, 2011). Boundaries of competence 1. 04 Competence (a) Social workers provide services and represent themselves as competent within the boundaries of their education, training, license, certification, consultation received, supervised experience, or other pertinent professional experience (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle Social workers elevate service to others above themselves (NASW, 2011).\r\nSocial workers intrust on their friendship, values, and skills to help others in need; along with addressing social problems (NASW, 2011). Social workers are asked to volunteer their professional skills with no expectation of financial return (NASW, 2011). rightfulness Ethical Principle Social workers are continually att entive their profession’s mission, values, ethical principles, and ethical standards (NASW, 2011). Social workers proceed honestly and responsibly while promoting ethical practices within the organizations they are affiliated (NASW, 2011). 1. 6 Conflicts of Interest (a) Social workers need be mindful and avoid conflicts of interest that may interfere with the action of professional judgment and impartial judgment (NASW, 2011). Social workers need to inform clients when a real or potential conflict of interest arises, so the take the logical steps to bring the issue in a manner that makes the clients’ interests first and protects clients’ interests to the highest extent practicable (NASW, 2011). In protecting a clients’ interests may require termination of services with a referral of the client (NASW, 2011). b) Social workers need not to take advantage of a professional relationship to further their personal, religious, political, or traffic interests (NASW, 2011). Sexual harassment Ethical Principle? Social workers need to treat every person with a caring and respectful attitude, which is mindful of individual differences, cultural, and cultural diversity (NASW, 2011). Social workers should promote clients’ socially responsible through self determination (NASW, 2011). Social workers may research to enhance a client’s ability and opportunity to change through addressing their needs (NASW, 2011). . 11 Sexual Harassment Social workers cannot sexually harass clients, which includes sexual advances, sexual solicitation, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal, or physical conduct of a sexual nature (NASW, 2011). Human differences 1. 15 Interruption of Services Social workers need to make a reasonable effort to ensure stability of services in the event that services are interrupted because of unavailability, relocation, illness, disability, or death (NASW, 2011).\r\nEthical Principle Social workers need to unders tand that relationships among people are an important opportunity for change (NASW, 2011). Social workers who engage people as partners are helping process (NASW, 2011). Social workers who seek to strengthen relationships among people are helping by promote, restore, maintain, and enhance the well­being of individuals, families, social groups, organizations, and communities (NASW, 2011). The legal definition of insanity Ethical Principle\r\nSocial workers who continually strive to increase their professional knowledge and skills are applying them in practice by bestow to the knowledge of the profession (NASW, 2011). 1. 14 Clients Who Lack conclusiveness Making Capacity Social workers acting on the behalf of clients, who lack the capacity to make informed decisions, are helping by taking the reasonable steps to protection the interests and rights of those clients (NASW, 2011). Conclusion The ethical decision making process helps in instances which a social worker does not have s imple answers available to solve complicated ethical issues (NASW, 2011).\r\nSocial workers need to take into consideration all the values, principles, and standards relevant to any situation, in which ethical judgment are necessary (NASW, 2011). A social worker’s decisions and actions need to be reliable with the character, and the letter of the Code of morals (NASW, 2011). References Arizona Coalition Against Violence. (2003, August). Confidentiality For Domestic Violence Service Providers In Arizona Under Federal And State Law, from http://www. delapointe. win/diannepost/docs/confidentiality_manual. df Association of Texas Professional Educators. (2010). Child Abuse insurance coverage In Texas, from http://www. atpe. org/protection/YourStudentsAndParents/childabuse. asp Authority of the Supreme Court of New Jersey and the Attorney General of the State of New Jersey. (2008, October). State of New Jersey Domestic Violence Procedures Manual, from http://www. judiciary. sta te. nj. us/family/dvprcman. pdf Child Abuse Laws. (2011), from http://law. jrank. org/pages/11836/Child-Abuse. hypertext mark-up language Georgia Department of Human Services. (2011).\r\nChild Support Services, from http://ocse. dhr. georgia. gov/portal/site/DHS-OCSE/ Find Law. (2011). Georgia Child Abuse Laws, from http://law. findlaw. com/state-laws/child- abuse/georgia needful Reporting Rules. (2009), from http://www. state. nj. us/ooie/helpful/mandatoryreportingdescript. hypertext markup language Mississippi Department of Human Services. (2011). Division of Family & Childrens Services, from http://www. mdhs. state. ms. us/fcs_prot. html National Association of Social Workers. (2008). Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, from http://www. ocialworkers. org/pubs/code/code. asp State of Texas Office of Court Administration. (2011, September). The Texas Family Violence patio Book, from http://www. courts. state. tx. us/pubs/Manuals/judges/DomesticViol enceBenchBook. pdf Williams, E. (2011, January 19). Personal vs. Professional Ethics, from http://www. ehow. com/info_7820090_personal-vs-professional-ethics. html Womens Law. (2011, August 24). Georgia Statutes, from http://www. womenslaw. org/statutes_detail. php? statute_id=1219#statute-top\r\n'

'Experimental Psychology Essay\r'

'Remembering has to do with being competent to recall nurture, being able to retrieve knowledge kept in the log-term fund. Forgetting occurs when specifyation that was encoded and kept in a person’s long-term holding is lost. This may occur gradually or spontaneously. repeating or reviewing information reduces forgetting rates. Theories of forgetting include cue-dependent forgetting, organic, trace decay, limp theories and decay theory. Retroactive ruffle is when the ultimo memory interferes with the later memory; Recalling depends on memory, retrieving the material that was companionshipable.\r\nIt is ab by thinkd to recognition, being in a sic to spot any material that champion has erstwhile encountered. It is thought that the rate of forgetting is soaringest soon after the acquisition task is over. This rate is believed to be the highest on the source day but even after the start-off two weeks, this rate is probably to be high still. However, if an i ndividual persistently and consistently covers or carries out the similar activity after two weeks, in that respect are low chances of forgetting. It is also thought to be easier to remember what someone has necessitate than what the person has hear (Fred, 2002).\r\nCauses of Forgetting Forgetting is associated with retroactive interference in which case something fresh that has been knowledgeable usually affects something that was learned some cartridge clip earlier. In this case, whatever is learned a modernistic interferes with what was learned long ago. The new(prenominal) sheath is interactive interference in which case the new and old knowledge tend to mix and interfere with any new learning that might take no cast or recall of any new knowledge. proactive interference happens when information learned earlier on interferes with the learning of any new knowledge.\r\nThe last cause of forgetting is reactive interference which occurs when all positive or negative feelings or attitudes that a person holds for sometime prevent an individual from learning new information (Eric, 2004). Once material is learned, it is important that it be recurrent to memorize fully. Most things that an individual does not imagine to remember at first are slowly forgotten. retentiveness and forgetting are closely related as they are all determined by what pass an individual goes through at a trusted time. Techniques for Remembering The individual should emphasize on concentration.\r\nThis representation creating and sustaining attention while doing a certain activity. on that point should be no form of distraction, whatsoever to the individual. To center on effectively, a person is so-called to identify anything that testament cause distraction while concentrating and try to cash in ones chips or evade the distracting agent. This may be either internal or external interference. Internal distractions foot be dealt with by paper d declare the distractions on a piece of a composition and relations with them later. External distractions cornerstone be handled by avoiding them physically as they are in the environment.\r\nIt is important to cross information as this could assist in the think process. Comprehending entails getting actively interested in what one is doing. Memory assists much in remembering what has been learned in a certain period of time. Memory can be improved by sharpening on what has already been learned. Memory is perfected through bat with passage of time. Sufficient concentration on what is being done also helps to sharpen memory. It has been discovered that forgetting forms classify of remembering. There exist some competing memories in gentle beings.\r\nFor memory to function well, the brain has to actively chock up competing memories. The kind of forgetting that is induced is of great benefit as it assists to suppress the competing memories (Gresham, 2002). Writing Research Reports A look for report is w ritten aimed at giving stack a chance to read the work you invite done selectively. The paper will be read by various individuals; some of them are likely to be looking for meet sections inside that paper hence the report has to be organized in a sequence so as to set up the potential readers an easy time looking for what they hope in your paper. A seek report is do up of various parts.\r\nHowever a step research report is made up of such(prenominal) parts as highlighted below. Each of the sections of a research report is supposed to begin on a new page. Various articles, journals suffer different content and others deviate from the normal way of writing a report. The following sections are however generally considered as being key and must be include in the form given below. Title page, hence the slip, the introduction is to be next followed by materials and methods use in the report. The results for the report project are to start next followed by a discussion basing on the results of the report.\r\nThe literature cited is to come just after the discussion. Examples to gild what the report is about are to come afterwards. or so journals however tend to emphasize that a abstract be included in the report just after the discussion. It is also possible that appendix having equations, calculations and formulas can be included in the report as other technical articles do. The above order is the exemplification order as the sections of the report are supposed to follow each other (McMillan, 1994). While writing a research report, it is important that paragraphs be use in separating major points.\r\nThese should be in a logical order and present sieve has to be used in describing what is already established. Past tense has to be used in giving results relating to your own specific experiments. The title page is supposed to have a pertinent topic that will inform the reader what to expect in the report. This should have label as well as addresses related to the reason together with the date when the report was handed in. The abstract is supposed to give a summary of what the subscribe is all about, important conclusions from the guide and this is to be brief, totally a paragraph. It is to be written in past tense.\r\nThe introduction is supposed to show why the study was carried out, how relevant the report is, how the aim of the experiment and the results relate to the thesis. It should not be as conclusive as the main body is to expound much. Methods and the materials give a documentation of main procedures in the study and this enables the other person reading your work to reproduce the work, if they so want to. It should be in past tense. barely information that is relevant to the intended party is included. In the results, an analysis has to be done and info presented as a table, graph or in tale form, with the heading.\r\nIt should be changed info. The relationship of sections within the converted data has to b e described vividly. In the discussion part, the data is interpreted. take hold a decision on whether your theory is supported or not. Make a relevant conclusion and explain if any modifications can be done to test your hypothesis. It is important to explain the observations in truth intelligibly and these should base on relevant principles. both data that you generate ion your own has to be clearly distinguished from that gotten from a published material (Joyce, 2002). Give a clear decision on whether excogitation supported the experimental hypothesis.\r\nLiterature cited involves the material cited within the report, names of authors in alphabetical order. Here, only basal material is used. Where no references were used in the report, press out so.\r\nReferences\r\nEric, M. (2004). Educational Psychology. Washington: World ahead Publishers. Fred, R. (2002). lively and Creative Thinking: Cases. sensitive York: Prentice Hall. Gresham, P. (2002). redbrick online auctioning. Ottawa: Heril. Joyce, J. (2002). How to Write a Research Paper. atomic number 20: Cahners Publishers. McMillan, N. (1994). Paper writing in Biological Sciences (2nd edition). New Jersey: McGraw- Hill.\r\n'