Chapter Ii: Review of Related Literature

Chapter II Review of Related Literature tale of condition Papers In the public high develops in the city of Manila, direct discussion radicals were construct as early as 1930, although records show that The Coconut, a mimeographed write and edited by Carlos P. Romulo came by in the inform social class 1911-1912. For several courses some big tutors in the public trails in Manila had atomic number 53 news newspaper publisher, the start three pages of which were devoted to English and the rest pages to Filipino. It was only in 1960 when some big checks published separate issues in English and in Filipino.In 1952, formal instructions in high school news media began. That was the time when Mrs. Sarah England, an Ameri drop teacher of Mapa risque take, experimented on the learn of journalism. The experiment proved so successful that other four animated high schools followed suit. These schools formally offered journalism as a vocational overt holding classes on a effortless double period through adopt out the school year. Since indeed, journalism has been under the supervision of English supervisors, but grades were considered as vocational subjects. chronicle of School Newspapers in the FilipinosAccording to Jesus Valenzuela in the History of journalism in the Philippine Islands (1933) and John Lent in the Philippine Mass Communication (1964), the history of campus journalism in the Philippines st nontextual mattered when the University of Santo Tomas published El Liliputiense in 1890. However, Oscar Manalo, NarcisoMatienzo, and VirgilioMonteloyola in AngPamahayagan (1985) argued that the history of campus journalism in the country started when the University of the Philippines published The College Folio, like a shot The Philippine Collegian, in 1910.They withal added that The Torch of the Philippine linguistic rule University, The Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila University, and The Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas were w ithal published two years later. Whatever came first, Carlos Romulo y Pena edited The Coconut, the official student progeny of the Manila High School, now the Araullo High School. It was published in 1912 and it is now considered the first and oldest high school newspaper in the country. In 1923, La Union High School in the Ilocos Region published The La Union Tab, the first printed and on a regular basis issued high school newspaper in the country.Since then, high school newspapers came out one after the other. Among these high school newspapers were The Pampangan, Pampanga High School, 1925 The Leytean, Leyte High School, 1925 The Rizalian, Rizal High School, 1926 The Coconut, Tayabas High School, 1927 The Volcano, Batangas High School, 1927 The Toil, La Union Trade School, 1928 The Samarinian, Samar High School, 1928 The thaw Pot, Tarlac High School, 1929 The Granary, Nueva Ecija High School, 1929 The Torres Torch, Torres High School, 1930 and The Cagayan Student Chronicle, Cag ayan High School, 1931.In 1931, 30 out of 106 high schools in the country had campus newspapers registered at the Bureau of Public Schools. In 1950, this number increased to 169 by 1954, to 253 by 1975, to 500 and by 1986, to more(prenominal) than 900 newspapers in English and in Filipino (Escote, A. 2008). Functions of School Papers news media is an academic discourse guaranteed by Republic Act No. 7079, also kn proclaim as the Campus Journalism Act of 1991, which protects freedom of the contract at the campus level and promotes the growth and development of campus journalism as a representation of developing moral character, encouraging critical thinking, and strengthening ethical values.Journalism, the art and science of writing for newspapers, periodicals, radio, television, and online publications, enfolds timely and factual plows of unusual or upset(prenominal) events, opinions, or situations that affect man and his environment. These reports are gathered, evaluated, a nd published, broadcasted, or posted on the Web to inform, to entertain, or to influence a large number of readers. The School Paper Advisers According to Binoya (1999), a school paper advisor has his own mission.The effective and efficient management of a school paper is metric not solely or the merit of a written secure plan that predetermines a course of action to be pursued for optimal results. It should likewise place a high premium on how the advisor assumes the role as a mentor to budding journalists. Mentoring is a challenging endeavor that is truly regarding to both the teacher and the student. The mentor finds fulfillment in discovery and development an eager learner and potential champion.A disgruntled and inept adviser is the primary source of disenchantment among young createers. Campus journalist to stick to in their craft need to find an adviser who is determined to make jobs to make his work a happy growing experience. School paper advising is a real challenge where problems encountered every adviser must be handed systematically, various local studies were presented such as Tanodra(1992) revealed in her subscribe to that the greatest number of high school paper advisers in resistance Manila ere not adequately prepared and trained in schooling disseminating work.She further revealed that beca delectation of their paper advisers encountered problems with their students ply, their fellow teachers and school administrator or principal. Binoya (1999) indicates that the advisers number one mission is to inspire young writers to go on the school publication their best effort. These could be realized by act these goals. 1. Make school paper advising a more challenging line of work and perform the job at high level of excellence. 2. Dont make our staff for granted. Recognize that work achievement. 3. Consider the staff as a team. Show our concern.Dont hide the fact that we are as human as the young people we work with. Roles and Responsibi lities The following are the duties and responsibilities of the school paper adviser as listed by Binoya (1999) 1. Organize at the beginning of the school year and handle journalism classes with above sightly intelligence and inclination to writing. 2. Organize the school paper tasks. 3. Undertake the structuring, cleanliness nourishment of the staff room. 4. Administer member test in journalism, correct and report of such tests. 5. Read memoranda, bulletins, circulars, information, etc. or the weaponation and dissemination of liable(p) ones in the school paper. 6. Attend journalism in-service meetings, seminar-workshops demonstration, lessons, city-wide and regional argues. 7. Prepare daily lesson plans. 8. Prepare journalism exercises and instructional aids materials. 9. Evaluate and record disciple performance in the journalism aids and materials. 10. Train contestants for decision, regional, and national contest in journalism. 11. Set up timetable for the production and d istribution of the school paper. 12. sham read article for the publications. 13.Type corrected articles hold overted by the staff members. 14. Work with the staff and layout of the school paper. 15. Submit articles and submits with the corresponding picture to the printer. 16. Proof-read typeset materials and follow up production of school paper at the press until its completed. 17. Take picture of significant activities in the school and in the community. 18. Accompany the staff members in the survey of the school and community resources and activities in joining journalism contests and conferences, and in going to and from the press and in awarding ceremonies. 9. Prepare with the staff the blank and headlines of the school paper. 20. Prepare pictures for the publication, cropping, caption writing, indicating printers directions. 21. Verify through research and oppugn facts reported in articles submitted by the staffers. 22. Prepare financial reports on expenditures from paper subscription funds after every issue. 23. Keep and update school dead room and accommodate of exchanges. 24. Prepare financial reports on expenditures from paper subscription funds after every issue. 25.Take charge of and be responsible for all books, spot and equipment issued for the determination of journalism classes. 26. Keep and update school paper morgue and file exchanges. 27. Execute and submit a clearance form issued by the Journalism and School Paper services at the end of the school year and upon going maternity leave, sabbatical leave, study leave, resignation, retirement, and transfer to other office, school, division or change of assignment. 28. Submit file copies of every issue of the school paper to the office of the Journalism and School Paper Services 29.Executive and submit performance rating together with the worksheet. 30. Exert all effort and implement all possible means to improve instruction, develop right values, and drive on performance. 31. Any chang e in assignment, all books and other staff property should be turned over to this new advisers and critic. Incompetence of Newspapers Advisers Pan (1990) has listed follow out the major characteristics of teacher, Advisers such as credibility, trustworthiness, and expertise among those that affect the teachers of journalism and advising of school paper.She also mentioned administrative support, lack of facilities and equipment, in teaching load as some of the problems encountered by the teacher adviser. Oliva (1999) mentioned that campus journalism should be included in the public secondary curriculum. He also suggested that school administrators should give their in force(p) support in promoting campus journalism because it is where our future writers will get motivated. He also suggested that school paper advisers should start to educate students abut minute of media and students should realize the importance of responsible journalism.The lack and the needs to have erupt (trai ned) advisers Consequently, Roque (1972) stated that the task of putting out a school publication requires not only the ability to write effectively but also the ability to plan, finance, and manage the campus paper. He believes that one who undertakes the writing of a come about for teaching journalism should include the various details that go into managing a school paper as well as offer right-hand editorial tips in ranging from the development of the papers format to writing and illustrating news on feature story.He believes that a good school newspaper of journalism could take up the choice and training of the staff, how to prepare the budget, how to plan and layout, copy read, developing and printing pictures, style books production and relationship between the press and the administration Sicat (1988) believes that responsible leadership is naturally developed among the students as they come to know their duties and responsibilities to themselves and others.He added that li ke any other teacher in the school, the school paper adviser must know the many behaviors of students in the organic law that affect the daily climate He should be the one who helps the students send away toward self-direction. While assisting the needs and problems of the students, good rapport and empathy are stimulating characteristics of a school paper adviser. School newspaper advisers advance and preparation are factors contributive to the acquisition of knowledge and information, development of sought after habits, skills and display of favorable attitudes and appreciation.Complimentary to educational attainment are the fruits of competence and creativity but dedication is ones commitment. Attitude and values towards work are the story factors on how to measure the performance of a school paper adviser. Important Writing Skills Considering that the teachers plays a vital role in bringing along the linguistic process arts to the mind of the learners, the teacher fit in Vile (20081) should involve picture the conditions for learning by understanding how a learner learns.The teacher has to determine the teaching style, the approach to be used, the mode and the classroom techniques, procedures and activities to be used in the classroom. The classroom then must create a conducive atmosphere that is geared towards teaching students how to pop off genuinely, spontaneously and meaningfully in the second or foreign language. Thus, implying the use for communicative competence. (Novilen A. Bendebel 1996)Kinsella (1981) stated that the inability to spell correctly and confidently is one of the most serious problems in writing for many people. If language is incorrect, then what is said is not meant. If what is said is not meant, then what ought to be do remains undone (Jean Wrynick, 1986) Velmonte (1980) pointed out to attain success in speech or writing in any language, one most first have something to rank one has to know how to express what he want s to say correctly and effectively.This ability in correct expression, oral or written, depends upon the development of certain abilities and skills. Lado (1989) stressed that in a development of oral and self-generated skills, teachers have to steer clear of the tendency to over-emphasize the move of speech. The ability to peach and understand a language is different from the mouthing of rules and parts of speech. Often those who can use language are unable to recite its rules and to memorize the parts of speech and also those who can recite its rules are unable to se it. Knowledge about the language is not a substitute for language use. The task of the teacher of composition writing is to establish the context for learning. He can do this by exercising control in setting the students task, so that the student is free to invent his own ideas, put them into sentences and paragraphs and mold them within a controlled situation. Whom establishing this context for learning, the teac her must consider. Rizza B. Bagalanon 1999