Violence In The Media :: essays research papers

Violence in the MediaIn the world we live in, violence is a way of life for m either pile. Chances be, most of the people reading this live in nice, upper-middle class suburbs,just like I do. But, just because we dont see this violence doesnt mean itdoesnt happen. We all know it happens, were not stupid, we postdate the news, weread the newspaper. So why does the government try to censor violence? Why doesthe government try to censor sex? Is it because we cant handle it? No. I canhandle it. I may be what most psychologists would call desensitized, but thatdoesnt mean Im going to shoot up my junior high school. I could never do that.After all, the government has kept me away from guns. We simply arent allowedto view violence and sex because... well, I cant think of a good reason. But,hey, at least the government sucks at censoring stuff. Im 13 and Ive seenPlayboys. Ive seen at least a gajillion R rated movies, and I can walk into anystore in Connecticut and buy some M rated video g ames. You know why? No onecares any much. Theyre as desensitized as we are, and thats a good thing. It isa pathetic fact that we find violence so entertaining, but hell, it is. I freakinglove to see movies where there are more scenes of mindless violence than thereare actual scenes of acting. These movies are aimed at the lowest commondenominator because intelligent movie goers are as extinct as the Dodo bird.Movies like Showgirls make more money than Panther because they are more fun,not because they are better. It will always be this way. The government shouldnot, and can not, keep us from seeing what we sine qua non to see.Just for a moment, lets pretend we live in a future where TV containingsex or violence is illegal, and so are video games and any other medium. Now, ifwe want to see sex, under agers are going to have sex.

The Opening of A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

A critical analysis of the opening of the bleed A Dolls House.In the opening of the play A Dolls House ,the setting of the wooden legis of a house portrayed as if it were a dolls house. The itemsdescribed in the house are completely small therefore representing a dollshouse where all items are miniature, the type of furniture owned ,such as a piano, order that the family is moderately well off. There isno narrator in the play and all information and knowledge about thecharacter is gained from listening to conversations. Ibsen hasincorporated relevant information into conversations, this seems likea natural situation and makes the audience liveliness like they are lookingonto a real house with real people. This means that the actors willhave to act well so as to show audience with out seeming as if theyare telling them. This means Ibsen had to write the opening of theplay not only telling the audience what is passing on but what has goneon.Nora is the first character introduced, and is shown entering thehouse on her own, the first sentence spoken in the play is said byNora, this is to do with concealment and money. The children mustntsee. How much is that? This is significant to the rest of the playas these are two main themes used by means of the play. When Helmer (NoraHelmers husband) enters he is then shown through out of the rest ofthe opening and the play, to treat Nora like a child using methodssuch as control and speaking to Nora in a implike and child likemanner. In the conversation between Nora and Helmer, Helmer refers tohis wife as if she were inferior in the relationship using terms suchas songwriter and squirrelkin. Nora in return replies to Helmer alsousing child like talk, such as referring to money as pennies andpennies. Nora is also shown to be generous with money as she is tellsthe porter to keep the change this is an immediate indication thatNora is not worried about spending. Helmer also states that when Noragets money it melts in ( her) hands suggesting that she does not save.Noras military strength towards money is also shown later in the opening whenshe shows no concern of borrowing money and being in debt. Nora alsoshows lack of feeling towards other(a) people and there situation as longas she is ok , this shows a selfish nature as she says why would Ucare if I still owed people money.

Child Abuse Can be Reduced by Educating Parents Essay -- Violence Agai

Parenting is not instinctive. If it were, everyone who had a child would be a good parent. Consequently, child ill-treat is a rising phenomenon in our society. Though no single factor has been identified as the cause of child maltreatment, it appears to be influenced by parents histories, psychological resources, and economical status. Parenting must be learned. While this is often done through with(predicate) experience, education courses for individuals prior to their becoming parents, and close evaluation of questionable homes could enhance parents knowledge and the childrens tumefy organism. A large number of abusive parents have histories of physical and emotional hollo inflicted upon them during their childhood. Thus, they were deprived of parents who taught them how to be good parents. In describing how she felt when she realized her children were being abused, Jean states All of a sudden I could feel all the old anger back and I was wishing that someone would hav e protected me when I was little(Janko 18). Child abuse scenarios that seem tragic to others are ordinary to parents from abusive backgrounds, and often overlooked. The absence of good parents is detrimental to a childs development how to fulfill parental roles. The children think their environment is normal, correct, and acceptable, and grow to emulate that lifestyle. Sometimes abuse does not stem from a lack of knowledge, but rather from a psychological disorder. The majority of abusive parents represent a range of personality and emotional disorders(Justice 77). An authoritarian personality is characteristic of abusive parents, as well as drug or alcohol dependency, neurosis, mental deficiency, and/or emotional immaturity(Justice 77). Mothers make up ... ...e discredible, teachers and other childcare workers should be trained to recognize symptoms of abuse immediately, and be required to report them. I think that we need to take our role as citizens so seriously that we value the lives of other citizens. Our Judicial formation should be such that endangered children are promptly removed from their environment, as they are presently left in the situation until abuse can be proven. As a nation, children are our most valuable resource. Therefore, in attempts to better our future, we must protect the children. The problem seems to stem from a lack of child education skills on behalf of the parents, and a lack in the desire to be parents. Though it cannot be completely subsided, I feel that the situation can be deferred through child education courses, and close evaluation of parents bordering the unfit category.

Common Sense Justice Essay -- Law

commonsense justice and jury instructions are placed together to exemplify the informative and the response between the twain like the analytic and beneficial. Conjoining these two objectives, gives them instructive potential for the virtue with the verdicts of not guilty, or hung juries, and jury nullification. These two objectives are more likely the misery of jury instructions, slightly than the failings of jurors. (Norman J. Finkel, 2000). Both of the objectives grow a teaching method that gives jurors no time management and no chance to comprehend the differences. In the court arrangement they have two laws one is black-letter law, and commonsense justice. Black-letter law is a generally known law plus the most common, and it is what the legislators have endorsed, and it was intertwined through the common-law cases and appeals decisions. Black-letter law takes the instructions away from second guesses, and disagreements, and makes a set of clear and precise rules. (No rman J. Finkel, 2000). Commonsense justice represents the citizens and what they think what is right and wrong just and fair. The bias that jurors have inside themselves, they are taking those emotions to the jury box as they are about to judge the defendant and the law. What the citizens feel the law should be is what they think. (Norman J. Finkel, 2000). Instructions for jurors were rewritten utilise psycholinguistic principles which illustrated that their comprehension improved. Commonsense justice and jury instructions, adjacent on an instructive and reciprocating connection, continued to demonstrate the studies of how citizens interpreted the instructions. (Norman J. Finkel, 2000)If the instructions are not comprehendible ... ...tz et. al. 1997). The standard of proof in a trial is one such fundamental tenet of criminal law. (Horowitz et. al. 1997).Works CitedHaney, Craig (1997). Commonsense Justice and Capital Punishment. Problematizing the willing ofthe People Psyc hology, Public Policy, and Law, 3(2/3), 303-337.Horowitz, Irwin A. (1997). Reasonable Doubt. Instructions commonsense justice and standard of proof. Psychology Public Policy, and Law, 3(2/3), 285-302Norman, Finkel J. (2000). Commonsense Justice and Jury Instructions. Instructive and Reciprocating Connections. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6(3), 591-628Norman, Finkel J. and Groscup, Jennifer L.. (1997). When Mistakes Happen. Commonsense Ruels of Culpability. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 3(1), 65-125.

Influence of TV And Radio :: essays papers

Influence of TV And RadioOne of the most important means of communication by pictures andsounds is the television. Most of what we learn comes from television. Just think of all that we see in just one hour of television-commercials,educational programs, sitcoms, etc. The TV is another seminal fluid that we canlearn from about lands far away, people, and places. You can sit in yourliving room while visiting Europe, Asia, or even Australia. telly isa huge influence on our daily lives, as shown by how much time is spentstaring at its screen. Unfortunately, the heaviest viewers of television are children. Of course, on that point are worthwhile programs on TV suitable for kids, such asSesame Street and the Magic School Bus, but just imagine what a childwould think if he saw just one episode of Melrose Place. Do we tell thechildren that this is acceptable? Radio is important, but is not used as frequently anymore due tothe birth of television. We hear the news and can pick up t o differentopinions of controversial subjects. Millions of families used to gatheraround the radio to listen to dramas, light comedies, variety shows, livemusic, and other programs. However, people can communicate a lot morequickly between any two points either on land, at sea, in the sky, or alsoin space, with the use of the radio. Politically, the radio made itpossible for the people to be informed about presidency policies directly. Radio was born in the twenties, and died in the forties. Because the depression made listening the only amusement people couldafford, the thirties were radios finest years. Later, in the fiftiestelevision was qualification a breakthrough. By 1961, 88% of the United Stateshouseholds had two sets which were in use for an average of 5 hours a day. Television killed off small-club boxing, minor league baseball, and often any other activity that meant leaving the living room. Television is the perfect baby-sitter. We just plop our kids down infron t of the set, while we go among our business. Television has spentmore time raising our kids than we have. Children no longer dissemble baseballor swing on the swings in the park or play tag in the back yard as muchanymore. Television and radio have, obviously, been a huge influence on ourlives. But the main interrogation is have they been a good influence or a bad

Influence of TV And Radio :: essays papers

Influence of TV And radio setOne of the most important means of communication by pictures andsounds is the television. most of what we learn comes from television. Just think of all that we see in just one hour of television-commercials,educational programs, sitcoms, etc. The TV is another source that we thunder muglearn from about lands far away, people, and places. You can sit in yourliving room while visiting Europe, Asia, or even Australia. Television isa extensive influence on our daily lives, as shown by how much time is fatiguedstaring at its screen. Unfortunately, the heaviest viewers of television atomic number 18 churlren. Of course, there are worthwhile programs on TV suitable for kids, such asSesame Street and the Magic School Bus, but just imagine what a childwould think if he saw just one episode of Melrose Place. Do we tell thechildren that this is acceptable? Radio is important, but is not used as a great deal some(prenominal)more due tothe birth of telev ision. We hear the news and can listen to differentopinions of controversial subjects. Millions of families used to gatheraround the radio to listen to dramas, take down comedies, variety shows, livemusic, and other programs. However, people can communicate a lot morequickly between any two points either on land, at sea, in the sky, or alsoin space, with the use of the radio. Politically, the radio made itpossible for the people to be informed about government policies directly. Radio was born in the twenties, and died in the forties. Because the depression made listening the only amusement people couldafford, the thirties were radios finest years. Later, in the fiftiestelevision was making a breakthrough. By 1961, 88% of the United Stateshouseholds had two sets which were in use for an average of 5 hours a day. Television killed off small-club boxing, minor league baseball, andpractically any other activity that meant leaving the living room. Television is the perfect baby-s itter. We just plop our kids down infront of the set, while we go among our business. Television has spentmore time raising our kids than we experience. Children no longer play baseballor swing on the swings in the park or play drag in the back yard as muchanymore. Television and radio have, obviously, been a huge influence on ourlives. But the main question is have they been a good influence or a bad

Chemistry open book paper Essay

During radioactive decay, atoms of one element ar changed into atoms of another element through the electric arc of alpha or of import particles from their unstable nuclei. With alpha decay the nucleus emits an alpha particle, which is essentially a helium nucleus a group of devil protons and two neutrons. It is a form of thermonuclear fission where the parent atom splits into two daughter products. The atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and transforms (or decays) into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. For example An alpha particle is the same as a helium-4 nucleus.Unlike beta decay, alpha decay is governed by the strong nuclear force. In beta decay, a neutron in the nucleus of an atom is converted into a proton and an electron. The electron is released as a beta particle. Below is the beta decay of Thorium to produce Protactinium. . In beta minus decay, the weak interaction converts a neutron into a proton duration emitting an electron and an anti -neutrino. During beta-plus decay, a proton in an atoms nucleus turns into a neutron, emitting a positron and a neutrino. Alpha rays can be blocked by a sheet of paper, shielding against beta rays needs a sheet of metal like aluminium. atomic fission differs from other forms of radioactive decay in that it can be harnessed and controlled via a arrange reception take over neutrons released by each fission event can trigger yet more than events. Radioactive decay is spontaneous. Most nuclear fuels undergo spontaneous fission only very slowly. Nucleosynthesis in stars Hydrogen and helium are the most huge elements in the universe. Elements heavier than lithium are all synthesized in stars. This first process of primordial nucleosynthesis may also be called nucleogenesis. In the Sun hydrogen is converted to helium in nuclear coalescency reactions 41H 4He + subatomic particlesDuring the late stages of stellar evolution, massive stars burn helium to ascorbic acid, oxygen, silicon, sulphur, and iron. The production of small amounts of hydrogen and helium nuclei makes it assertable for the star to synthesise most of the elements in the first three periods of the Periodic table. Two r awayes for the generation of lithium are R exposee 1 4He + 3H 7Li Route 2 4He + 3He 7Be 7Be + electron 7Li The second route is interesting this is because it is a form of electron capture. This is where the collision between an atom and an electron causes the proton to convert to a neutron and a neutrino is released.It is sometimes called inverse beta decay, the proton number and the structure of the nucleus is changed. Fission and Fusion atomic fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into lighter nuclei often producing free neutrons and other smaller nuclei. The emission of these neutrons can cause further fission in other nuclei, thus producing a chain reaction.Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both as ele ctromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments. Below is an example of nuclear fission, showing Uranium-235 splitting to create strontium-90 and xenon-143Inside the reactor of an atomic indicator plant, Uranium atoms are split apart in a controlled chain reaction. This chain reaction gives off heat energy. This heat energy is used to boil water in the core of the reactor. So, instead of burning a fuel, nuclear part plants use the chain reaction of atoms splitting to change the energy of atoms into heat energy. This water from around the nuclear core is sent to another section of the power plant. Here, in the heat exchanger, it heats another set of pipes filled with water to make steam. The steam in this second set of pipes turns a turbine to generate electricity.Uranium-238 is used as a natural way to control the reaction due to the fact that it does not undergo fission. Two other mechanisms used for controlling the reaction are the graphite moderator and the contro l rods, which are made of boron coated steel. The neutrons that are produced when a nucleus splits are very fast moving the graphite slows them atomic pile enough so that they cause fission reactions when they collide with Uranium-235 nuclei. The control rods which are made of Boron which absorb neutrons they can be moved in and out of the reactor to control the rate of fission reactions. A exemplary absorption reaction isBelow is a cross section of the inside of a typical nuclear power plant Notable advantages of fission accommodate the fact that relatively little fuel is needed and the fuel is relatively inexpensive and operable in trace amounts around the world. Also, it is not believed to contribute to global warming or other pollution effects associated with fossil fuel combustion. However, its major concerns include the possibility for a nuclear meltdown an example could be the Chernobyl Disaster. Also, waste products can be used to manufacture weapons waste from plutonium power station remains dangerous for thousands of years.There is also high initial cost because the plant requires deemment safeguards even then, the power plants are still vulnerable from sabotage and attacks. Nuclear alignment is the process by which multiple atomic particles join together to form a heavier nucleus. It is accompanied by the release or absorption of energy. The fusion of two nuclei lighter than iron or nickel generally releases energy. Below is an example of a fusion reaction Excess energy is released from the fusion reaction because of the lower binding energy of the helium nuclei compared to those in deuterium and tritium.The combined mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants the lost mass is converted to energy, according to wits equation E=mc2 For the below reaction to occur the particles need to form a high-density, super hot, ionized gas germ plasm. 2H + 3H i 4He + 1n Tritium is produced by utilise lithium in the reactor, where neutron s from the deuterium-tritium reaction in the plasm will react with the lithium to produce more tritium 6Li + 1n i 4He + 3H A way to control the plasma is to keep it away from the walls, which minimizes heat loss. To do this a tokamak is used.This device contains hot plasma in a doughnut shape within a vanity vessel. Powerful magnetic fields created by large coils that run around the vessel keep the plasma away from the walls. Powerful electric currents heat the plasma as well as by microwaves that are directed into it and beams of fast neutron particles. Notable advantages to using nuclear fusion include the fact that there is importantly less chance of a fatal accident occurring than that of a fission reactor, because the fuel contained in the reaction chamber is only enough to sustain the reaction for about a minute.Also, Deuterium and tritium are virtually inexhaustible. Unlike fission reactors, whose waste remains dangerous for thousands of years, most of the radioactive materi al in a fusion reactor would remain dangerous for about 50-100 years. At present the disadvantage is merely the fact that scientists have not yet been able to contain a fusion reaction long enough for there to be a net energy gain. This is, in turn, causing many countries to phase out fusion research because of the failure to reach a breakthrough. Challenges to the future of fusion power stations The main challenge that scientists face is the growth of hydrocarbon films.Where plasma touches the walls, carbon tiles are eroded by deuterium and tritium ions, producing hydrocarbons. Further reactions result in the formation of reactive radicals, which combine with each other to form hydrocarbon films. These films cause problems because they set up the tritium and deuterium fuel ions in the walls of the device so that they are not circulating in the reacting plasma to produce any energy. Also if the film gets thicker, it begins to cow dung off, resulting in dust particles which can be absorbed into the plasma, affecting its purity and performance.Other issues include the potentially prohibitive costs of building, and the difficulties of repairing and maintaining the reaction vessel. This massive top of lithium and rare metals will degrade and become radioactive over time, requiring regular dismantling and replacement.No. Words 357+368+294+145 = 1164 (excluding equations, titles, annotations and text in diagrams) profaneSources http//www. answers. com/topic/nucleosynthesis? cat=technology Nucleosynthesis http//helios. gsfc. nasa. gov/nucleo. html Nucleosynthesis http//physics. bu. edu/py106/notes/RadioactiveDecay.html Alpha and beta equations http//map. gsfc. nasa. gov/universe/bb_tests_ele. html Nucleosynthesis http//chemed. chem. purdue. edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch23/modes. php.Alpha and Beta decay http//media. nasaexplores. com/lessons/01-060/images/Uran235. jpg Fission of uranium-235 http//hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/Hbase/nucene/fusion. html Nuclear fusion http//www. iter-india. res. in/images/jet_tokamak. jpg.Tokamak image, Fig 5 http//www. newscientist. com/channel/fundamentals/dn8827-no-future-for-fusion-power-says-top-scientist. html Problems for fusion power http//eazyvg. linuxoss.com/2007/08/21/fusion-is-the-future-choice-for-nuclear-power-generation/ Fission and fusion diagrams, advantages and disadvantages of fission and fusion.Fig 1 and 3 http//www. physlink. com/Education/AskExperts/ae534. cfm Bond energy per nucleon, Fig 5 condition 1 Box 1 pg3 Article 1 Second paragraph under Nuclear fission pg4-5 Article 1 Box 2 Used for finding out control mechanisms pg6 Article 2 Advantages of fusion power, ways it produces energy pg8 Article 2 Box 2 Lithium generation and equations pg9 Article 2 Box 2 Fusion reactions pg10 Article 2 Tokamak, problems facing scientists pg10.

Mba Syllabus

Master of personal line of credit Administration (MBA) 2 Years (Syllabus 2007) SEMESTER I DBA 1601 MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS whole I INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT Evolution of counselling thoughts Contribution of Selected focussing Thinkers Various approaches to management contemporary management practice Managing in global environment Managerial functions. whole II PLANNING splendor of planning TypesImportance of planning Types of planning finding making process Approaches to decision making Decision models Pay off Matrices Decision trees Break Even Analysis.UNIT trine ORGANISING Departmentation Span of ContDepartmentation Span of Control Delegation Centralisation and Decentralisation Commitees Line and Staff relationships Recent trends in organisation structures. eading Leadership styles and qualities Communication process and barriers. UNIT V CONTROLLING Managements control systems techniques Types of control. textbook BOOKS * Stephen P. Robbins and Dav id A. Decenzo, Fundamentals of Management, Pearson Education, Third Edition, 2001. * J. S.Chandan, Management Concepts and St sum upgies, Vikas Publishing House, 2002. REFERENCES * Tim Hannagan, Management Concepts and Practices, Macmillan India Ltd. , 1997. * Hellriegel, Jackson and Slocum, Management A Competency-Based Approach, South Western, 9th edition, 2002. * Stewart Black and Lyman W. Porter, Management Meeting upstart Challenges, Prentice Hall, 2000. * Koontz, Essentials of Management, Tata McGraw- hill, fifth Edition, 2001. * Bateman Snell, Management Competing in the new era, McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2002. DBA 1602 STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT UNIT I PROBABILITY -Basic definitions and rules for probability, conditional probability, independent of events, Bayes theorem, haphazard variables, Probability distributions Binomial, Poisson, Uniform and Normal distributions. UNIT II SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATION Introduction to s adenineling distributions, sampling techniques, sampling distribution of mean and proportion, coating of central limit theorem. Estimation Point and Interval estimates for population parameters of large sample and small samples, determining the sample size. UNIT triad TESTING OF hypothesis -Hypothesis trying one sample and two samples tests for means and proportions of large samples (z-test), one sample and two sample tests for means of small samples (t-test), F-test for two sample banner deviations, Chi-square test for single samples standard deviation. Chi-square tests for independence of attributes and goodness of fit. UNIT IV NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS Sign test for paired data. Rank sum test Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test. One sample run test, rank correlation. UNIT V CORRELATION, REGRESSION AND TIME SERIES psychoanalysis Correlation abstract, estimation of regression line.Time series analysis Variations in time series, trend analysis, cyclical variations, seasonal variations and irregular variations. TEXT BOOKS * Levin R. I. and Rubin D. S. , Statistics for management, 7th edition, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi, 2001. * Aczel A. D. and Sounderpandian J. , Complete Business Statistics, 5th edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. , New Delhi, 2004. * Anderson D. R. , Sweeney D. J. and Williams T. A. , Statistics for business and economics, 8th edition, Thomson (South Western) Asia Pte. Ltd. , Singapore, 2002. REFERENCES Levine D. M. , Krehbiel T. C. and Berenson M. L. , Business Statistics A First Course, Pearson Education Asia, 2nd edition, New Delhi, 2002. * Hooda R. P. , Statistics for Business and Economics, 2nd edition, Macmillan India Ltd. , 2001. * Morse L. B. , Statistics for Business and Economics, HarperCollins college Publishers, New York, 1993. * Bowerman B. L. , Connel R. T. O and Hand M. L. , Business Statistics in Practice, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill / Irwin, 2001. * Gupta S. C. and Kapoor V. K. , Fundamentals of MathematicalStatistics,Sultan Ch and & Sons, New Delhi, 2002.DBA1603 ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT I NATURE AND SCOPE OF MACRO ECONOMIC ISSUES Macro economic variables national income, investment, savings, employment, inflation, repose of payment, exchange rate circular flow of income national income concepts measurement of national income role of economic planning Indian economic planning. UNIT II ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL INCOME stopping point of national income Keynesian linear perspective multiplier accelerator business cycle the role of fiscal policy Indian fiscal policy and experiences.UNIT III ANALYSIS OF MONEY MARKET Demand and supply of money money market equilibrium the role of money monetary policy Indian perspectives. UNIT IV INTEGRATION OF COMMODITY AND MONEY MARKET Analysis of inflation and unemployment the role of economic policies Indian experiences. UNIT V ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL SECTOR outside(a) trade trade multiplier linkage model the role of trade po licy analysis of performance of Indian economy in external sector. TEXT BOOKS * Ahuja H. L. , Economic Environment of Business, Macroeconomic analysis, S.Chand & Company Ltd. , New Delhi, 2005. * Gupta, G. S. Macroeconomics, Theory and Applications, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company Ltd. , New Delhi, 2001. REFERENCES * Samuelson, Paul A. , and Nordhaus, W. D. , Economics, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company Ltd. , New Delhi 2004. * Ruddar Datt and K. P. M. Sundharam, Indian Economy, S. Chand & Company Ltd. , New Delhi, 2003. * Government of India (Ministry of Finance), Economic Survey ( up-to-the-minute issue), New Delhi. DBA1604 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR UNIT I FOCUS AND PURPOSE -Definition, need and grandness of organizational behaviour nature and scope frame work organizational behaviour models. UNIT II INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR Personality types factors influencing personality theories culture types of learners the learning process learning theories organizationa l behaviour modification. Attitudes characteristics components formation measurement. Perceptions immensity factors influencing perception interpersonal perception. Motivation importance types effects on work behavior. UNIT III GROUP BEHAVIOUR -Organization structure formation groups in organizations influence group dynamics emergence of informal leaders and working norms group decision making techniques interpersonal relations communication control. UNIT IV LEADERSHIP AND POWER Meaning importance leadership styles theories leaders Vs managers sources of antecedent power centers power and politics. UNIT V DYNAMICS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOURS Organizational climate factors affecting organizational climate importance. Job satisfaction determinants measurements influence on behavior.Organizational change importance stability Vs change proactive Vs reactive change the change process resistance to change managing change. Organizational developmen t characteristics objectives team building. Organizational effectiveness perspective effectiveness Vs efficiency approaches the time dimension achieving organizational effectiveness. TEXT BOOKS * Stephen P. Robins, Organisational Behavior, Prentice Hall of India, 9th edition, 2001. * Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, Organisational Behavior, South-Western, Thomson Learning, 9th edition, 2001. REFERENCES Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, Organisational behavior, John Wiley, 7th edition, 2001. * Jit S. Chand, Organisational Behavior, Vikas publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 2nd edition, 2001. * Fred Luthans, Organisational Behavior, McGraw Hill Book Co. , 1998. * New Strom & Davis, Organisational behaviour, McGraw Hill, 2001. * Jaffa Harris and Sandra Hartman, Organisational Behaviour, Jaico, 2002. DBA1605 COMMUNICATION SKILLS UNIT I COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS Systems approach, forms of business communication, management and communication, factors facilitating communication. UNIT II COM MUNICATION assist -Interpersonal perception, selective attention, feedback, variables, listening, barriers to listening, persuasion, attending and conducting interviews, participating in discussions, debates and conferences, presentation skills, paralinguistic features, oral fluency development. UNIT III BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE Business earn. Memos, minutes, agendas, enquiries, orders, sales letters, notice, tenders, letters of application, letter of complaints. UNIT IV TECHNICAL REPORTS Format, Choice of vocabulary, coherence and cohesion, paragraph writing, organization. UNIT V PROJECT REPORTS Project proposal, project reports, appraisal reports.TEXT BOOKS * Sharan J. Genrson and Steven M. Gerson Technical Writing edge and Product Pearson Education 2000. * Raymond V. Lesikar, John D. Pettit and Mary E. Flatley Lesikass Basic Communication Tata McGraw Will 8th Edition 1999. * Stevel. E. Pauley, Daniel G. Riordan Technical Report Writing Today AITBS Publishing & Di stributors, India 5th edition 2000. * Robert L. Shurter, Effective letters in business Thrid Ed. 1983. REFERENCES * McGraith Basic Managerial Skills for all Prentice Hall of India 6th Edition 2002. * Halliday, M. A. Ky R. Hasan, Cohesion in English, Longman, London 1976.DBA1606 ACCOUNTING FOR MANAGEMENT UNIT I FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 1. 1 Introduction to monetary, cost and management account statement, generally accepted accounting principles, conventions and concepts. The balance sheet and related concepts, the profit and loss account and related concepts/ Introduction to inflation accounting, introduction to human resources accounting. 1. 2 Accounting Mechanics Basic records, cooking of financial statements, revenue recognition and measurement, matching revenues and expenses, Inventory pricing and valuation, Fixed assets and depreciation accounting, intangible assets. . 3 Analysis of financial statements Financial ratio analysis, property flow and funds flow statement analys is UNIT II COST ACCOUNTING AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING 2. 1 Cost Accounts Accounting for manufacturing operations, categorisation of manufacturing costs, Accounting for manufacturing costs. Cost Accounting Systems Job order costing, Process costing, Activity Based costing, Costing and the value chain, Target costing, Cost-Volume Profit Analysis, Standard cost system. 2. 2 Management AccountingRelevant Cost for decision making, Incremental analysis, Special order decision, Production constraint decisions, Make or buy decisions, sell, scrap or rebuild decisions, Joint product decision, Responsibility accounting and performance evaluation. Budget As a planning and control tool. TEXT BOOKS * M. Y. Khan & P. K. Jainist Management Accounting, Tata McGraw Hill publishing company Ltd. , 2004. * M. A. Sahaf Management Accounting (Principles & Pratice) Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi, 2004. REFERENCES * R. S. N. Pillai & Bagavathi Managemnt Accounting S. Chand & Co.Ltd. , New Delhi, (2002). * R. Narayanaswamy Financial Accounting A managerial perspective Prentice Hall India Pvt. , Ltd. , New Delhi. * Bhattacharya S. K. John Dearden Accounting for Managemnt text and cases Vikas publishing house, New Delhi, 2000. * Charles T. Hornegren Introduction to management accounting Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 2001. DBA1607 LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS UNIT I MERCANTILE AND COMMERCIAL LAW The Indian Contract Act 1872 Essential of a legitimate contract, Void Agreements, Formation of a contract, performance of contracts, breach of contract and its remedies, Quasi contracts.The Sale of Goods Act 1930 Sales contract, transfer of title and risk of loss, warranties in sales contract, performance of sales contracts, conditional sales and rights of an unpaid seller. Negotiable instruments Act 1881 Nature and requisites of negotiable instruments, transfer of negotiable instruments and obligation of parties, enforcement of secondary liability, holder in due course, special rules for cheques and drafts, discharge of negotiable instruments.Agency Nature of agency How created, Agents authority and liability of principal and third party Rights and duties of principal, agents and Third party, liability of principal or agents torts, termination of agency. UNIT II COMPANY LAW Major principles Nature and types of companies, Formation, Memorandum and Articles of Association, Prospectus, Power, duties and liabilities of Directors, winding up of companies, Corporate Governance. UNIT III INDUSTRIAL LAW An Overview of Factories Act, Payment of Wages Act, Payment of Bonus Act, Minimum Wages Act, Industrial Disputes Act.UNIT IV INCOME TAX pretend AND SALES TAX ACT Corporate Tax Planning, Overview of Sales Tax Act, including Value Added Tax. UNIT V CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT AND INTRODUCTION OF CYBER LAWS. TEXT BOOKS * N. D. Kapoor, Elements of mercantile law Sultanchand and company, New Delhi Latest edition. * Sen & Mitra Commercial and Ind ustrial law The world press, Pvt. Ltd. , Calcutta 1996. REFERENCES * P. P. S. Gogna, Mercantile Law, S. Chand & Co. Ltd. , New Delhi, 1999. * Dr. Vinod K. Singhania Direct Taxes Planning and Management (Latest edition). * Respective Bare Acts.

Help Stop Bullying Essay

An 11 year old Massachu put downts boy, Carl Joseph Walker-Hoover, hung himself April 6, 2009 because he was being taunted daily for being gay. The mother begged the instruct to continue the problem, but nothing was ever through with(p) or so it and now a woman is left son less. That was at least the fourth suicide of a middle- schooldays aged kid linked to bullying that year. Most harassment and bullying go un pass overed. Children atomic number 18 being bullied each and every day, but the question is what should be done to stop it? Each and every day a child is being teased or picked on because of the way they look, act, dress, or because of what they believe in.Children should not restrain to be tortured just because they are not like everyone else. Children should be able to come to school and enjoy themselves and not worry nigh being picked on. A child that is being bullied can attain many problems much(prenominal) as low self esteem and low self sureness which could lead them to suicide. Also, children that are bullied may start doing poorly in school or maybe even drop out because they do not odour safe at school. Bullying re everyy needs to be stooped because it can leave a child physically, emotionally, and mentally scarred for the rest of their lives. some schools say that there is very little that they can do about bullying because a lot of bullying starts off of school proportion. Much of forthwiths bullying originates online, school officials said, with the growing use of social networking websites and cell phones has led to new ways to intimidate and tease. But because cyber bullying usually happens off-campus school administrators have little recourse (Nissley 2010). I do not agree with the school district when they say that there is little they can do.Even though, it may start online, it continues or become worse at the school. With that being said, they need to try and do more so it can stop all unitedly no matter where it start s. The solution that they think ordain help stop bullying is if the educate student about it more. Like Nissley (2010) enounced, In a exemplar that has been mirrored by other school districts across the state, Abington Heights has been working on educating students as early as kindergarten about bullying and their responsibility to report it when they see it (p. 1).I think that it is good to educate the students about bullying and reporting it, but what is that really going to do? As we all crawl in a lot of students leave not tell because they will be too afraid. Or if they do tell they will be little done about it and they will continue to masturbate bullied. So, their solution would not be effective at all. Safe to learn Embedding anti-bullying work in schools is the overarching anti-bullying guidance for schools and was launched in 2007 (teacherNet, 2009, p. 2). It seems that everyone thinks that the solution to stop bullying is just to educate students about it.I think th at it is good that they are trying to educate students about the issue, but we all know that it is going to take more than that to stop bullying. It does not matter how much information you provide the students with about bullying, it still is not going to do anything. People have been trying to stop bullying by just telling students it is not the right thing to do for years and nothing has changed. As you see, they tried this solution in 2007 and now in 2010 the same problem is still going on. You can make students take classes every day about bullying and there will still be children getting bullied.Principals and administrators need to punish students by devising use of more suspensions and require mandatory nurture meetings for those who are bullying others. If the bullying continues, it must be dealt with strongly. And, both the child and parent should be held responsible for it. Until people start taking actions of this nature, bullying will forever be a problem. I think tha t the only way to stop bullying is to actually make a law against it. In Massachusetts, they have passed a bill for anti-bullying.I think that is wonderful because now that the law is involved I am sure bullying will be trend down because the kids would not to have to deal with the harsh consequences. The bill would prohibit bullying at schools and clamp down on so-called cyber bullying by prohibiting the use of e-mails, text messages, internet postings, and other electronic means to create hostile school environment (Gay & Lesbians, 2010, p. 16). I also believe that it is good that they are requiring the school principals to report to the bullying to the police, if they believe criminal charges should be pursued.Maybe now if the students know that they could possibly go to jail they would stop bullying. It is great that mortal has passed a bill and takes this issue seriously because this has been going on for too long and it is time for it to stop. Lately there have been many oth er cities discussing and making laws about bullying. In New Jersey, they have also passed a bill regarding bullying. A law against bullying in schools which advocates call the nations toughest because it requires schools to extend anti-harassment programs, was approved Monday in New Jersey (Mulvihill, 2010, pg. ). I believe that this is what the schools need in order for bullying to stop. It may take a while for the schools to get all the policies and programs in the public schools, but it will be worth it. This law will hopefully prevent any more suicides from happening due(p) to children being bullied. Maybe it should have been stricter laws a long time ago and a lot of bullying could have been stopped. The state of New Jersey has already passed the law for anti-bullying shows how it will cut down on a lot of bullying.There was already an anti-bullying law in 2002, but it was not required that schools set up anti-bullying programs. The new bill is claimed to be one of the toughe st anti-bullying bill that there is. They are going all out the way to make sure students will not get bullied. They are even making teachers get training to help to bulling. Like Julie Bolcer (2010) stated, The measure would required training for most public school employees on how to spot bulling and mandate that all districts from school safety teams review complaints, reported The Star Ledger .Superintendent would have to report incidents of buying to the state board of education, which would grade schools and districts on their efforts to combat it (pg. 1). I think that it is to stop bulling because this is a very serious problem. But now that there are such harsh laws against it, I know the rates will go down a lot. Bullying is something that has been around for ages, but no one has ever seemed to nonplus the right solution for it. Many say there is not a lot that can be done to stop bulling because it starts off school property I totally isagree with that. While you have others that think that just by telling students about will stop it, which we all know will not. I feel that the only way bulling will ever stop is if they give harsh punishments and let the bullies know that is not a joke. Even though, there have been many attempts to stop bulling, I think that they have finally found a solution which is by making a tough anti-bulling law. If a child wants to bully someone then they should deal with the law and suffer the consequences.

No Country for Old Men Essay

Sheriff Ed Tom toll, the of import protagonist, a laconic World War II veteran(prenominal) who everyplace discerns the investigation and the trail of the murders even as he struggles to face the sheer enormity of the crimes he is attempting to solve. His reminiscences serve as part of the books narration. Anton Chigurh, the main antagonist, a sociopathic hitman. He is in his 30s, and has eyes as blue as lapis Like wet stones. A man of dark and vaguely foreign complexion. Llewelyn Moss, a welder and Vietnam War veteran in his 30s, whose theft of the millions in cash left at the drug deal site serves as the beginning of the story.Carla denim Moss, Llewelyns young wife. She is 19 years old. Carson rise, another hitman, formerly a lieutenant colonel from the Vietnam War, who is hired to retrieve the money from Chigurh. The plot follows the interweaving paths of the three central characters (Llewelyn Moss, Anton Chigurh, and Ed Tom Bell), set in motion by events related to a drug d eal gone bad near the Mexican-American border in south-west Texas, in Terrell County. Summery While Llewelyn Moss is hunting antelope, he stumbles across the aftermath of a drug-deal gone bad, which has left everyone dead but a single naughtily wounded Mexican who pleads with Moss for water.Moss responds that he doesnt have any and searches the rest of the vehicles, finding a truck full of heroin. He searches for the last man stand up and finds him dead some ways off under a tree, with a satchel containing $2. 4 million in cash. He takes the money and returns back home. Later, however, he feels repentance for leaving the wounded man and returns to the scene with a jug of water, only to find that he has been shot and killed since he left him. When Moss looks back to his truck set on the ridge overlooking the valley, another truck is there.As soon as he tries to run, he is seen, which sparks a tense chase by gunmen in the other truck. This is only the beginning of a hunt for Moss that stretches for most of the remaining novel. After escaping from the gunmen at the scene of the drug deal massacre, Llewelyn sends his wife, Carla dungaree Moss, to her grandmother in Odessa while he leaves his home with the money. Sheriff Ed Tom Bell investigates the drug crime while trying to protect Moss and his young wife, with the aid of other police enforcement. The sheriff is haunted by his actions in World War II, leaving his unit to die, for which he received a Bronze Star.Now in his late 50s, Bell has spent most of his life attempting to make up for the incident when he was a 21-year-old soldier. He makes it his quest to resolve the case and save Moss. Complicating things is the arrival of Anton Chigurh, a hitman hired to recover the money. Chigurh uses a captive bolt pistol (called a stungun in the text) to kill many of his victims (and to destroy several cylinder locks to hand doors), as well as a silenced shotgun. Carson Wells, a rival hitman and ex-Special Force s officer who is familiar with Chigurh, is also on the trail of the stolen money.After a brutal shootout that spills across the Mexican border and leaves both Moss and Chigurh wounded, Moss recovers at a Mexican hospital while Chigurh patches himself up in a hotel style with stolen supplies. While recuperating, Moss is approached by Wells, who offers to give him protection in exchange for the satchel and tells him his current location and phone number, instructing him to call when he has had enough. After recovering and leaving the hotel room, Chigurh finds Wells and murders him just as Moss calls to negotiate the exchange of money.After answering Wellss phone, Chigurh tells Moss that he will kill Carla denim unless he hands over the satchel. Moss remains defiant and soon after, calls Carla Jean and tells her that he will meet up with her at a motel in El Paso. After much deliberation, Carla Jean decides to inform Sheriff Bell about the meeting and its location. Unfortunately for her and her husband, this call is traced and provides Mosss location to some of his hunters. At the motel, Sheriff Bell arrives to find Moss murdered by a band of Mexicans, who also were after the drug deal cash.Later that night Chigurh arrives at the scene and retrieves the satchel from the airduct in Mosss room. He returns it to its owner and later travels to Carla Jeans house and shoots her after flipping a coin to decide her fate. Soon after, he is hit by a car, which leaves him severely injured but free alive. After bribing a pair of teenagers to remain silent about the car accident, he limps off down the road. After a long investigation that fails to descend Chigurh, Bell decides to retire and drives away from the local courthouse feeling overmatched and defeated.For the rest of the book, Bell describes two dreams that he had the previous night. In one, he met his father in township and borrowed some money from him. In the second, Bell was riding his horse through a snow-co vered pass in the mountains. As he rode, he could see his father up ahead of him carrying a moon colored horn lit with fire, and he knew that his father would ride on through the pass and stipulate a fire out in the dark and cold and that it would be waiting for him when he arrived. And then he woke up.

Animal Farm Essay

I believe that the animals lives have not changed significantly from the beginning Animal Farm to the end of it. Life for the farm animals in the impertinent Animal Farm, by George Orwell, started out dreary, short, and somewhat hopeless. By the end of the book, the creation have been chased out of their farm, but the animals are now led by the dogshits. However, the pigs have slowly progressed to become just like the man, so the living conditions of the animals have not changed. Their leading remain the same kind of creatures through the book, whether pig or human, because their behavior is so similar.The lives of the animals are harsh and unforgiving from the beginning of the book to the end of the book. The farm animals were oppressed by the parasitical humans, who beat and ravenous them, but also profited from them. The humans (Mr. Owens specifically) have superintendence everywhere the animals and force them to work long hours with little sustenance, despite the fact that the animals are far from indefatigable. Mr. Owens is an inebriate, and sometimes to forgets to feed them at all. After they are too old to work (such as in the case of horses), or reach a certain epoch (in the case of the pigs), the animals are sent to be slaughtered.Through all his cruelty, Mr. Owens benefits from the animals hard work. The animals rebel against the humans after the pigs (led by Snowball) canvas support for the revolution, and the animals living conditions advance for a short while. After Snowball is chased out, Napoleon takes over and slowly increases their working hours and decreases their food. He maintains the illusion that the animals will be offered retirement after they have reached a certain age. However, Boxer is sent to be made into glue after he is hurt and unable to work anymore, rather than beingness sent to a hospital like Napoleon claims.The pigs also have whips which they carry around. In this way, the animals are still being beaten, avid, and s laughtered in a unworthy way. Their daily lives have not changed significantly. The similarities between the pigs and humans also support my opinion that the animals lives do not change much from the beginning of the book to the end. The pigs and humans both are important to the animals, since they retain every aspect of their lives. Mr. Owens, the owner of the farm at the beginning of the book, was a greedy, cruel farmer.He beat and starved the animals and worked them extremely hard. Compared to their work, he did almost nothing, drinking in his home instead. After Mr. and Mrs. Owens and all the other humans are chased off the farm, the animals take over the farm, with the pigs in charge. Although Snowball is a fair leader at first, he is chased off by Napoleon. Napoleon was already planning his machinations quite proterozoic on, and his plan to get complete power works. He works the animals harder than ever, and their rations are quite low.While the animals are toiling, the pig s are free to gambol about and do as they please. By the end of the book, the pigs have begun walking on two legs, sleeping in beds, wearing clothes, carrying whips, and drinking alcohol. These are all human characteristics. Therefore, the beings with control over the animals lives have changed little. Both Napoleon and Mr. Owens are selfish, ruthless beings who care only for their own profit. From the beginning to the end of Animal Farm, the farm animals are (excluding the pigs) interact badly.Their lives are work-filled, tough, and short. Although the farm changes hands from the humans to their fellow farm animals (pigs), their lives do not improve significantly for the better. In the end, they are actually worse off. The pigs and humans are similar in their behavior, attire, and selfish wishes. I do not think their lives overall have changed significantly over the course of the novel, because their treatment and leaders are roughly the same. Their lives stay mostly the same, bec ause those two things almost completely control their lives.

Psychology in “Still Alice” The Movie Essay

I. Still Alice SummaryThe movie starts off with the scene of Alice celebrating her 50th birthday at a fancy eatery along with her husband and children with the exception of Lydia. Then, the next scene shows Alice as a guest speaker in a linguistic class, this is because she is a world-renowned in her playing area of specialty. As she discusses something approximately babies, she forgets what she would say next and eventually losing her concentration. She comes home finding the house empty and decided to go for a jog. In the course of jogging, she short stopped and decided to look around her this is because she forgot where she is. You privy find her very troubled during this scene but she composed herself finally remembering where she is and decided to degree home.The next part of the movie illustrates Alice going to the doctor. She tells him her memory problems and the doctor gives her some memory exercises, this includes asking her the name of her parents which answered corr ectly but theres this angiotensin converting enzyme question that she failed to reply. As the story goes on, Alice is showed preparing for the familys Christmas dinner while doing some memory exercises for herself. During the dinner, Alice introduces herself to her sons girlfriend which confuses the latter because they have been introduced earlier. As she goes punt to the doctor, she finds out that her MRI is fine but the doctor insists of having another test for her because she might have early onset Alzheimers Disease. As days passed by, Alice is acquire more anxious of herself having the disease.She decided to tell her husband about it and he wouldnt believe it causing Alice to break down. Her husband decided to accompany her in visiting the doctor and the doctor confirmed Alices condition. They opted to tell their children about and let them take the test for the disease is hereditary. The results surfaced that Anna, the eldest daughter is positive for the disease. As the sto ry is progressing, Alices condition seems to worsen, she forgot about important dinner plans and this caused her husband to worry about her but despite this, she still wants to keep her job and brook as long as she idler stillmanage to.At this point, she started writing a note to herself in her phone with basic questions such as what is the name of her oldest daughter, and then records herself talking to herself telling herself to take a bottle of pills to commit suicide. In the cell phone note it says to watch that video when she can no longer answer the basic questions. Eventually, all of these happened. Her condition continues to deteriorate but despite all of these, her family continued to guide her and support her. Along with fight because of the disease, she decided to make every moment meaningful. In the final scene, it shows Alice cannot speak well anymore and we assume that she will ultimately forget everything.II. Answer the side by side(p) questions.II.1. How relevant is the understanding of the infirmity contribute to a operative adjustment to the life of the person?As a human being, the only one who can tell what you really feel is yourself. You know what you can do and up to what extent you could go on. This goes the same to the understanding of our own illnesses in relation to the functional adjustment in our lives. Knowing or being aware of what our disease are could really help us a lot. It serves as a dressing for us and for our loved ones. Just like Alice in the movie, because she understands what her illness is, she is able to at least take precautionary measures and was able to adjust her daily living. It similarly gives the people around us the right amount of understanding they need to give so as to support in our struggle against the condition. Furthermore, understanding your illness will also help you adjust to what might really happen to you.II.2. Personally, how were you affected by the movie?Honestly, I was moved by the movie. The disease whitethorn be rare but its fatal. I felt pity for those persons who have it for they would forget everything they worked for and all the happy moments of their life and even forget about themselves. It made me realize how difficult it is to be in that situation for I cannot even imagine myself in Alices shoes. The movie alsotaught me the importance of family that no matter what, they will always stick by your side. They will try to understand you and support you even if you couldnt recognize them for it is the meaning of a family its love.

Darwinian Theory and the ‘Life of Pi’ Essay

Darwinian Theory whitethorn be used to develop Yann Martels novel Life of Pi. period the novel is an aesthetic portrayal of spirituality, purity, and practicality, it is nonetheless not immune to the issues of scientific validity, materiality, and determinism. In this paper, the author will search the relationship of Darwinian Theory with the core concepts in the novel. These core concepts are, in general, assumed to be in conflict with the principles of Darwinian Theory. However, this assumption may be relaxed as the author sees fit. Novel SummaryPiscine Pi Molitor Patel sounds in Pondicherry, India a boy described as curious, jolly, and deep-seated with learning. His father is the owner of the Pondicherry Zoo. His fuss is an avid reader of various literary works. Much of the protagonists learning experience came from school. Hi school is filled with amazing teachers soldieryy of whom became ad hominem mentors of Pi. Although he grew up as a Hindu, he discovered the Catho lic faith at the age of 14 from a priest named Father Martin. However, upon contact Mr. Kumar, a Muslim, he changes his religious orientation by practicing Islam.Pi clearly defies the custom of religious conservatism by advocating liberalism in worship he regards Catholicism, Islam, and Hinduism as legitimate religions. At the age of 16, Pis father decides to abandon Prime Ministers Gandhi due to some political and ethical issues. The family is obligate to move to Toronto, Canada. The animals in the zoo are dispersed to various zoos in the United States. On their way to Canada, the boat unexpectedly sinks. Only Pi survives stuck with a dying hyena and a zebra. While struggling in the shark-infested water, he saves Richard Parker, a Bengal tiger.In the boat, predatory animals prey on herbivores and the carcasses of dead animals. For seven months, Pi hides on a raft behind the boat. He is able to tame Parker using a whistle. Parker seems to develop affection with Pi Parker becom es the close partner of Pi. While at sea, Pi learns to eat from the sea. However, because the nutrition derived from the sea is insufficient to feed the two, both Pi and Parker become ill. As the health of both Pi and Parker deteriorate, the source loses his sight. Then, they come across another blind man a person stranded in his lifeboat on the Pacific.The blind man intends to kill and eat Pi. However, the tiger (Parker) attacks and eats the blind man. Pi, however, sheds tears for the blind man, clearing his sight as a consequence. For a long period of judgment of conviction, the two suffered from the scourges of the seas. Then, they come across an island make of algae and populated with the so-c either(prenominal)ed Meerkats. Pi begins to eat algae and gradually regains his strength. Parker also regains his strength by eating Meerkats. For several weeks both Pi and Parker live on the island. Both are very happy and almost optimistic of life.Eventually, Pi finds several sets of corroded human teeth wrapped in guide leaves. Pi is horrified. Pi realizes that during the night the algae become acidic. The island becomes carnivorous one indicator of which is the sleeping habit of the Meerkats. Meerkats sleep at night to avoid danger. His husking sends shivers on his body a feeling of hopelessness and despair run in his mind. The next day, he leaves the island with Parker. After spending so much time in the ocean, Pi finally lands in Mexico. Parker runs off into the woods. Pi is eventually recovered by villagers who immediately take him to a nearby hospital.The shipping follow which owned the ship interviewed Pi. Pi narrates his story to the representatives of the company his 227-day journey on the boat and the fantastic tales of his experiences with Parker, the Bengal tiger, and of course, the dangerous island. The representatives of the company do not believe Pis story and therefore ask Pi to relate another story. Pi narrates a flash story. In the stor y, the cook of the boat kills both his fuck off and a sailor with a broken leg. Pi kills the cook. The company representatives realize that Pis second story parallels the first.Pi asks the representatives which story they like the most. The representatives go over they like the first story and the one they will use in their report. Darwinian Theory in the Novel In the first part of the novel, Darwinian Theory seems to be contradictory with the core concepts of the story. The story advocates the concepts of spirituality, freedom of conscience, purity, and spiritual origin of humanity as the main determinants of mans journey in life. In the beginning, Pis life is governed by these principles, as evident by his deep-seated commitment to the precepts of spiritual animateness.Pi believes that the future of humanity depends on mans commitment to his spiritual origin. Humanity is above materialism, prejudice, and the indwelling laws of selection, adaptation, and assay. Hence, humanity is defined not by the peculiarities of deterministic living barely by choice and freedom. If one uses Darwinian Theory, one can clearly see the contradictions. Darwinian Theory suggests We attain seen that man incessantly presents individual differences in all parts of his body and in his mental faculties.These differences or variations seem to be induced by the same general causes, and to obey the same laws as with the visit animals. In both cases similar laws of inheritance prevail. Man tends to increase at a greater rate than his means of subsistence consequently he is occasionally subjected to a severe struggle for existence, and natural selection will have effected whatever lies within its scope (On the Origin of Species, 147). In short, the future of humanity is governed by the principles of struggle, variation, and adaptation. To deny the material origin of man is to deny his nature.The peculiarities of mans existence, is therefore, clouded by lies which perpetuate in th e human psyche. Darwinian Theory presents man in the most material form man originated from lower forms through a perpetually long periods of time. In his book The Descent of Man, Darwin clearly defined the nature of man. According to Darwin, man is an ubiquitous species selected by nature to perpetuate in the world. His main tool for survival of the fittest is knowledge or technological systemal advancement. However, this favor is not a departure from natural selection, struggle, or adaptation.Rather, it is part of nature ungoverned by either choice or freedom and subservient to the logic of evolution. In short, man is related to other species in one way or another. In the novel, Pis ingenuous anticipation of problems and its eventual upshot are presented as natural and instinctual. With this, one is forced to refer again to Darwins assertion which states He who is not content to look, like a savage, at the phenomena of nature as disconnected, cannot any longer believe that m an is the work of a separate act of creation.He will be forced to train that the close resemblance of the embryo of man to that, for instance, of a dog- the construction of his skull, limbs and whole frame on the same plan with that of other mammals, independently of the uses to which the parts may be put- the occasional re-appearance of various structures, for instance of several muscles, which man does not normally possess, but which are common to the Quadrumana- and a crowd of analogous facts- all point in the plainest manner to the conclusion that man is the co-descendant with other mammals of a common progenitor (The Descent of Man, 74).Darwinian Theory begins to manifest itself in the second part of the novel. Pis struggles in the boat present three concrete principles of Darwinism struggle, adaptation, and competition. Pis struggles are generally linked with the actions of other forms of living organisms the zebras, hyena, the snake, and the orangutan. The boat represents a small world where the laws of Darwinism govern everything. According to Darwin, it is impossible for a human being to be separated from the discretion of nature, from the actions of other organisms, and the floating(a) reality of materialism (On the Origin of Species, 59).The dress rule of human existence is no more different from the formal rule which governs nature. According to Darwin, struggle is the formal rule of existence As the missletoe is disseminated by birds, its existence depends on birds and it may metaphorically be said to struggle with other fruit-bearing plants, in order to draw birds to devour and disseminate its seeds rather than those of other plants.In these several sense, which pass into each other, I use for convenience sake the general term of struggle for existence. A struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high rate at which organic beings tend to increase for only struggle can ensure the survival of every living organism (On the Origin of S pecies, 32-33). In short, Pis struggles in the boat are not an isolated form of adaptation but a real manifestation of the laws of nature (which Darwin established in his book On the Origin of Species).Natural selection is likewise manifested in Pis adventures in the island. The sleeping habit of the Meerkats is congruent with the environment of the island. telephone line that during nighttime, the island becomes carnivorous and the algae turns into a colony of acidic organisms. In order for the Meerkats to thrive in the island, they must adapt to their environment. Their adaptation will serve as a medium for natural selection a species capable of reproducing.As Darwin watchd exactly in the case of an island, or of a country partly surrounded by barriers, into which new and better adapted forms could not freely enter, we should then have places in the economy of nature which would assuredly be better filled up, if some of the original inhabitants were in some manner modified for , had the area been open to immigration, these same places would have been seized on by intruders.In such case, every slight modification, which in the course of ages chanced to arise, and which in any way favoured the individuals of any of the species, by better adapting them to their altered conditions, would tend to be preserved and natural selection would thus have free scope for the work of improvement (On the Origin of Species, 42). Note the similarity of Darwins assertions to the plot of the story. The propensity of survival depends first and foremost on the ability of organisms to adapt to their environment. Adaptation serves as a medium for natural selection (as in the case of the Meerkats in the novel).Conclusion The novel can be analyzed through the lens of Darwinism. It is clear that the novel contains elements of Darwinism. However, one should note that this form of interpretation is neither deterministic nor perpetual. Other types of interpretation may be used to analy ze the novel (such as realism, deconstructionism, structuralism, etc. ) Works Cited Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species. London London Publishing House, 1870/1992. Darwin, Charles. The Descent of Man. New York MacMillan Publishing Company, 1882/2001. Martel, Yann. Life of Pi. New York Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2001.

Expalnation of Father Returning Home Essay

ldad return home My start travels on the late eve train Standing among silent commuters in the yellow light Suburbs slide quondam(prenominal) his unseeing pure t mavin His shirt and bloomers are soggy and his black raincoat Stained with fuck up and his bag stuffed with books Is falling asunder. His eyes dimmed by age fade homeward through the wet monsoon night. Now I can see him getting off the train Like a war cry dropped from a long curse. He hurries across the length of the grey platform, Crosses the railway line, enters the lane, His chappals are sticky with mud, just he hurries onward. national again, I see him drinking weak tea, Eating a piddle chapati, recitation a book. He goes into the toilet to contemplate Mans estrangement from a earth-made world. glide path out he trembles at the sink, The cold water running over his brown hands, A few droplets bewilder to the greying hairs on his wrists. His sullen children have often refused to share Jokes and secrets with him. He will outright go to sleep Listening to the static on the radio, dreaming Of his ancestors and grandchildren, thinking Of nomads entering a subcontinent through a narrow pass.The poem speaks near the inner loneliness of the poets father, the utter alienation he is experiencing in the twilight years (mans estrangement from a man-made world) as he ceases to content to his children who no longer share anything with him. All the while he is trying to evoke, through the racial conscious, the inconspicuous connection with his ancestors who had entered the sub-continent through the Khyber Pass in the Himalayas in some distant past (the allusion is perhaps to the migration of the Aryans to the Indian subcontinent from Central Asia).The poet uses some fine imagery to describe the pain and misery lurking in the old mans soul as he travels in the local train . His bag stuffed with books is falling apart refers to the state of the old mans mind which has turned senile after all that companionship it has acquired through years of dedicated study. A wonderful image is used to describe his getting use up from the train Like a word dropped from a long sentence .The uniqueness of the image lies in the highly evocative visual picture of an old man dropping off from the train as though he is no longer relevant to the train which will instanter move preliminary with other people to their destinations. The old man is just a word in the syntax of flavour. The sentence that is long enough to carry several(prenominal)(prenominal) words forward each contributing to its overall implication now drops off one stray word, which is no longer required. The other interesting image is the eyes and vision, which occurs in the poem again and again.The suburbs slide past his unseeing eyes is a pretty image. The chip one is his eyes dimmed by age fade homeward. Above all we may look at the dexterous use of words to drive the twilight atmosphere in the poem even soing tra in, yellow light, unseeing eyes , his eyes dimmed by age fade homeward ,gray platform. moment of the poem is also a part of to know, how to live in the society. Other meaning is Its all about the severe problem of generation gap. The widening crisis due to the explosion of rational. Father reverting Home is a poem written by Dilip Chitre.The main idea of this poem is Mans estrangement from a man-made world. Here the father comes home late tired with his pants are soggy and his black raincoat is stained with mud and his bag is falling apart-He never cares the scenes of the outside world when he travels. Because he is always musing about his family. He is so true about his family, yet no one in his family realizes his care for them. He gets still the weak tea and stale chapati. (Look, he is the only one who works hard for his family yet he does non get even good food. The lines like The cold water running over his brown hands, A few droplets cling to the greying hairs on his wris ts are used to add to the effect of the life and the world of poor father. His children are not ready to share jokes with him-their sullenness shows the unspoken resentment. And finally, even when he goes to bed the story is not different. at that place he chances only noised receiving, not even a good program from the radio. In short the father has no joy in his life there is no closeness between the father and the children.The only thing that changes the mood of the poem is when he thinks about his dead yesterdays (ancestors) and unborn tomorrows (grand-children and nomads) -Here one thing must be noted that he dreams about these people not about his own children. Patel cherished to convey the idea of unseen sincerity of millions of fathers who strive hard for their family and their people. Dilip Chitres poem Father Returning Home is selected from Travelling in A Cage. It speaks about the dull and exhausting daily routine of a commuter. Delinked from his family he is left with himself to talk.Dreaming about his ancestors and grand children he communicates with the dead yesterdays and unborn tomorrows. His alienation is exhaust and irreversible. Sleep and dream come as sweet relief from a world that is alien to him. The authorship of the poem is Mans estrangement from a man-made world. Dilip Purushottam Chitre (Marathi ) was one of the foremost Indian writers and critics to erupt in the post Independence India. Apart from being a very important bilingual writer, writing in Marathi and English, he was also a painter and dealmaker. BiographyHe was born in Baroda on 17 September 1938. His father Purushottam Chitre used to come out a periodical named Abhiruchi which was highly treasured for its high, stalwart quality. Dilip Chitres family moved to Mumbai in 1951 and he make his first order of poems in 1960. He was one of the earliest and the most important influences behind the famous little magazine movement of the sixties in Marathi. He starte d Shabda with Arun Kolatkar and Ramesh Samarth. In 1975, he was awarded a visiting fellowship by the International Writing class of the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa in the United States.He has also worked as a director of the Indian verse Library, archive, and translation centre at Bharat Bhavan, a multi arts foundation, Bhopal. He also convened a world metrical composition festival in impertinent Delhi followed by an international symposium of poets in Bhopal. His Ekun Kavita or Collected Poems were published in the nineteen nineties in three volumes. As Is,Where Is selected English poems (1964-2007) and Shesha English translation of selected Marathi poems both published by Poetrywala are among his last books published in 2007. He has also edited An Anthology of Marathi Poetry (19451965).He is also an accomplished translator and has prolifically translated prose and song. His most famous translation is of the celebrated 17th century Marathi bhakti poet Tukaram (publi shed as Says Tuka). He has also translated Anubhavamrut by the twelfth century bhakti poet Dnyaneshwar. Film Career He started his professional film career in 1969 and has since made one feature film, about a 12 documentary films, several short films in the cinema format, and about twenty video documentary features. He wrote the scripts of most of his films as well as directed or co-directed them. He also scored the music for some of them.Awards and Honors He worked as an honorary editor of the quarterly New Quest, a journal of participative inquiry, Mumbai. Among Chitres honours and awards are several l Maharashtra State Awards, the Prix Special du instrument panel for his film Godam at the Festival des Trois Continents at Nantes in France in 1984, the Ministry of Human Resource Developments Emeritua party, the University of Iowas International Writing Program Fellowship, the Indira Gandhi Fellowship, the Villa Waldberta Fellowship for residence given by the city of Munich, Bava ria, Germany and so forth. He was D. A. A. D. German Academic Exchange) Fellow and Writer-in-Residence at the Universities of Heidelberg and Bamberg in Germany in 199192. He was Director of Vagarth, Bharat Bhavan Bhopal and the convenor-director of Valmiki World Poetry Festival ( New Delhi,1985) and International Symposium of Poets ( Bhopal, 1985), a Keynote Speaker at the World Poetry Congress in Maebashi, Japan (1996) and at the ordinal International Conference on Maharashtra at Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA in 2001 and Member of the International Jury at the recent Literature festival Berlin, 2001. He was member of a three-writer delegation ( along with Nirmal Verma and U. R.Ananthamurthy) to the Soviet Union (Russia, Ukraine, and Georgia), Hungary, the Federal Republic of Germany and France in the spring and summer of 1980 and to the Frankfurter Buchmesse in Frankfurt, Germany in 1986 he has given readings, lectures, talks, participated in seminars and symposia, and conducted work shops in creative writing and literary translation in Iowa City, Chicago, Tempe, Paris, London, Weimar, Saint Petersburg, Berlin, Frankfurt, Konstanz, Heidelberg, Bamberg, Tubingen, Northfield, Saint-Paul/Minneapolis, New Delhi, Bhopal, Mumbai, Kochi, Vadodara, Kolhapur, Aurangabad, Pune, Maebashi, and Dhule among other places.He travelled widely in Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America as well as in the interiors of India been on the visiting faculty of many universities and institutions, a consultant to projects. He was the Honorary hot seat of the Sonthhheimer Cultural Association, of which he was also a Founder-Trustee. Death After a long bout with cancer, Dilip Chitre died at his residence in Pune on 10 December 2009. Dilip Chitre Portrait of an artistAt the ripe five-year-old age of 16, Dilip Purushottam Chitre made a decision that would change his life forever. He decided he wanted to live as a poet and artist. It could not have been an easy choice. He admits to vague pre monitions of it being difficult, and admits it prove hard at times. And yet, after over fifty years of living that life of poet and artist, he stands by it, refusing to have it any other way. whiz cant blame him either. After all, his has been a life gifted with all sorts of revelations.It has been a colourful life, one spent whole-heartedly in the service of art and literature. His achievements, when draw together casually, boggle the mind. Chitre has since publishing his first collection of poems, Kavita, in Marathi in 1960 published a piling in English (Travelling in the Cage, 1980), has had his work translated into Hindi (Pisati ka Burz, 1987), Gujarati (Milton-na Mahaakaavyo, 1970), German (Worte des Tukaram) and Spanish. He has exhibited his own paintings (First One Man Show of OilPaintings, 1969) written and directed an award-winning film (Godam, 1984) made a dozen documentary films and scored music for some of them taken on the mantle of editor for literary magazines ( Shabda, 1954-1960) written for Indias most respected publications influenced a literary movement (the little magazine of the sixties in Marathi) convened poetry festivals won all kinds of honours travelled widely across India and abroad and taught at universities worldwide. So, when he describes his interests on his blog thus I am a poet and a writer. I paint. I make films. I travel. I make friends. I read. I listen to music.I reflect. I contemplate. its hard not to believe him. Born in Baroda in 1938, Chitre soon moved with his family to Mumbai, where he published his first collection of poems. Possibly the most famous of his translations is Says Tuka, a rendition of the work of seventeenth century Marathi bhakti poet Tukaram. It is a translation of abhangs, a form of devotional poetry sung in praise of Vitthal. Chitres translation continues to reveal new readers, surprising and moving them with its simplicity There is a whole tree within a seed/ And a seed at the end of each t ree/ That is how it is between you and me/ One contains the Other. I envy Dilip Chitre for the life he has lead, for his unwavering faith in all he holds dear. He now lives in Pune with his wife, Viju, to whom he has been married for over 45 years. Even in the most civilized societies of the world, poets receive ambivalent treatment, he writes. The economic value of what poets do is considered extremely dubious The most they can anticipate for during a lifetime is niche audiences scattered far and wide and small publishers crazy enough to publish poetry without any regard to sales.

Taxation Issues

take awayal income is generally regarded as a non- communication channel root word of income which is assessed nether Section 4(d) of the Income Tax Act, 1967 ITA. In the sideslip where rent is a section 4(d) source, rent from each property is treated as a separate source of income. However, as a concession, in computing the adjusted income from rent, the properties of the person can be grouped into the chase categories residential properties, commercial properties, and vacant land The date of commencement of renting is on the first day the property is rented out.In the event a rental loss occurs, it becomes a permanent loss because it cannot be dress up off against other income sources or even other rental income sources. The loss overly cannot be carried previous to the subsequent year of assessment. No capital fitting is given for the presumption or as trims provided to earn the rent. However, expenses incurred alone and exclusively in earning the rental income are dedu ctible against the rental income. This includes the replacement or repair or maintenance cost related to the premise and other assets used to earn the rent.Furthermore, rental income can also be assessed as Section 4 (a) Business Income under certain situations. This is evident in The case of Per Lord Diplock in the American Leaf Blending Co Sdn Bhd v DGIR (1950-1985) MTSC 28 ( Privy Council ) is the impression of whether rent is assessable under Section 4(a) or Section 4(d) of Income Tax Act where it was held that although rent is assed under section 4(a) income it can be a assembly line source of income if it is received in the course of carrying on a note of renting out the taxpayers property.In order for rental income to be assessed as tune income and not investment income, two aspects need to be considered. 1. The number of units of property owned. This consideration however applies wholly to companies. A company can have its rental income assessed as Section 4(a) business income if it is letting at least 4 units of commercial buildings, 4 floors of shop houses, 4 units of residential properties or Any combinations of 4 units of the type of premises mentioned.If the premise is a special purpose commercial building like a factory, warehouse, office or shopping complex, then the rental income from these premises can be assessed as business income even if the company is only renting out one premise. This is supported by the case of American Leaf Blending Co. Sdn. Bhd v Director General of Inland Revenue where it was held that an individual who receives rental income may not necessarily be doing a business.However, a company is created with the aim of making a boodle for its shareholders and anything that a company does with its assets with the purpose of making a profit would amount to carrying on a business even though it is not the core operation of the company. 2. Active ancillary or support serve are being provided to the tenants by the owner. T his term specifically applies to non-company taxpayers without regard to the number of units of property they rent out.The taxpayer who is the owner of the premise is required to actively provide services such as security guard, air learn system, and supply of hot water, escalator, lift, recreational facilities and cleaning and maintenance of common property. It is important that these services are procured, managed or supplied by the taxpayer and not passively or incidentally derived from the lease of the property where the management corporation of the premise provides such services and not the owner.In the event that rental income is assessed as 4(a) business income, it depart be aggregate for all properties as one source of income. Capital allowance or industrial building allowance will be given to be set off against the total rental income from all premises. In the case of River Estates Sdn Bhd v Director-General of Inland Revenue it was held that The statute recognises the existence of a source consisting of a business and the situation that a taxpayer can have more than one source consisting of a business.It establishes that a business can have more than one source of income that will be grouped together and will be given capital allowance. Expenses that are incurred wholly and exclusively can also be deducted from the income. If a loss is sustained in the current year of assessment, it can be carried forward to the next year of assessment to be set off from that years income or be set off against other income in the current year if there are any. The date of commencement will be the date the premise is available for letting.

The General Environment

SUMMARY OF UNDERSTANDING strategicalal MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 2 The General Environment The external environment facing the composition consists of both a. A oecumenic environment, often referred to as the macro-environment because changes that occur here will have an effect that transcends unassailables and specific industries. b. A emulous environment, consists of the diligence and markets in which an organization competes. In order to scan and monitor their environment, regulars require tools of summary that will allow them to factor in the changes in the world-wide environment and evaluate their impact.One such accession involves scanning the environment to get a line signals that will act as a signpost for future changes in the organizations industry. In addition, an organization must monitor its environment to discern simulates and trends that are begin to form and try to forecast the future direction of these trends. a. Scanning the environment Scanning, therefore, is an opportunity for the organization to mention weak signals in the general environment before these have coalesced into a discernible build which mightiness affect its rivalrous environment. The first is that the organization may fail to identify these signals.The second is that the organization may discern a pattern that is not there but is based on the assumptions and affable models that managers carry in their heads. b. Monitoring the environment * Monitoring can be seen as the activity that follows these ab initio disparate signals and tracks them as they grow into more clearly discernible patterns. * Monitoring allows an organization to see how these general environment trends will impact on its competitive environment. * Monitoring uses a finer brush stroke. * in that location is no direction for an organizations monitoring activities. One modality in which an organization might monitor weak signals is to set thresholds such that any activity which occurs above the threshold will be monitored. c. Forecasting changes in the environment Three main types of uncertainty (Van der Heijden, 1996) * Risks where past performance of similar events allows us to estimate the probabilities of future outcomes. * Structural uncertainties where an event is unique enough not to offer evidence of such probabilities. * Unknowables where we cannot even imagine the event. Scenario cookery is a disciplined method for imagining possible future.It is an immanently consistent pot of what the future might turn out to be ( ostiarius 1985, p. 446). A scenario can be seen as a challenging, plausible, and internally consistent view of what the future might turn out to be. They are not forecasts in the sense that one is able to extrapolate exploitation past data. However, they do deal with the future and pass on a tool of analysis for the organization to structure the surfeit of information that is contained in the present. In particular, scenarios help oneself organ izations recognize the weak signals that signpost changes in its environment. The benefits of scenario inventionning for Shell have been More robust strategic finiss. * Better thinking about the future by a stretching mental model. * Enhancing corporal perception and recognizing events as a pattern (the recognition and monitoring of weak signals until they coalesce into a pattern is clearly important here). * Improving communication throughout the company by providing a context for decisions. * A means to provide leadership to the organization. A put to work for developing scenarios is as follows * Define the scope. This involves setting the season frame and the scope of analysis. * Identify the major stakeholders. Identify basic trends. * Identify primaeval uncertainties. * Construct initial scenario themes. * Check for consistency and plausibility. * Develop learning scenarios. * Identify research needs. * Develop quantitative models. * Evolve towards decision scenarios. PES T Analysis * PEST analysis is simply another tool to help the organization detect and monitor those weak signals in the hope of recognizing the discontinuities or fractures shaping the environment. * PEST analysis can be used to help detect trends in the external environment that will ultimately find their way into the competitive environment.It provides a link between the general and competitive environments in that weak signals in the general environment can become key big businessmans for change in the competitive environment. SWOT Analysis Scenario planning and PEST analysis can help to identify the external opportunities and threats (OT) facing an organization. The firms internal fortissimos and weaknesses (SW) can best be determined following an appraisal of its resources and capabilities. SWOT analysis allows an organization to quantify its current strategy in light of its changing environment and to help turn potential threats into opportunities and weaknesses into streng ths.A key point to keep in mind is that it is the external analysis that precedes the internal analysis of a firms resources and capabilities. SUMMARY OF RM-6 Sustaining Competitive Advantage in the Global Petrochemical Industry A Saudi Arabian Perspective From a worldwide perspective, the competitiveness of some firms arises from macro-economic phenomena directed by exchange rates, deficit of the guinea pig budget or interest rates (Passemard and Kleiner, 2000). Competitiveness also arises from factors other than macro-economic, such as handiness of raw materials, cheaper work force or technological superiority.Porter (1980) is credited with being the pioneer in identifying factors that extend to national advantage. Porter (1985) made valuable contributions in identifying important factors that contribute to national advantage, that is the factor conditions of a nation, such as infrastructure and the availability of resources demand conditions in the home country the presence o r absence of related and supporting industries necessary for being competitive in the global market the firms strategy, structure and rivalry with other ompanies that influence how firms are established, organised and managed and the nature of the rivalry affects the competitive advantage of industries and nations (Porter, 1990). Saudi Arabia is well known throughout the world as a leading manufacturer and exporter of oil. For many years prior to the 1970s, a large volume of associated gas by products which were produced in the process of crude oil intersection, had been flared into the atmosphere.However, in the early 1970s the Saudi Arabian government initiated a plan to utilize these precious hydrocarbon and mineral resources for the production of various petrochemicals, fertilizers, iron and steel. Saudi Arabia accounts for a little more than 5% of the worlds petrochemicals production. However, Saudi Arabia is the largest producer of MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) with a g lobal share of more or less 15%. It has also a big market share in the production of methanol (around 12%) and ethylene glycol (14%). Domestic consumption in Saudi Arabia is low, due to the small size of the market.The industry in general has therefore pursued an export-orientated strategy, as a result of which more than 76% of its petrochemicals production is being exported. The two major markets for the Saudi petrochemical exports are the Middle Eastern and East Asian region. The strength & weakness of Saudi petrochemical industry * Strength Low cost due to economic of scale, initial cost, feed-stock, and utilities. aim of efficient infrastructure * Weakness Lack of management expertise, marketing approach, product development, and technology Main exitFrom those strength & weaknesses above, we could see that Saudi petrochemical industry was depending on the comparative advantage rather than the support of competitive advantage to sustain in global competition. Analysis Using Po rters five force model above, we could analyze that * The entry of competitors raw materials controlled by many firms, new and high technology, large & analyzable operational, high investment * The threat of substitutes concerns on biochemical substitution * The argaining power of buyers find alternative market, focus on domestic and foreign customers * The bargaining power of suppliers change the supplier with low cost, find mediocre price and obtaining credit facilities, no substitute of aluminum alkyls high threat * The rivalry among the existing players energy differentiation, see the competitor like SABIC, Exxon, Shell, BASF, Dow, Mitsubishi in equal size and market power oversupplySolution * Improve forgiving resources department to develop the technical and managerial skills of local employees * Increase the effort in marketing, distribution Penetrated global market, and research & development division to modify manufacturing process which safe for environment * Increase productivity and grapple loss, merge small to medium firms to strengthen capital base. Lesson learned Based on analysis using Porters model, it is illustrate that Saudi petrochemical industry environment able to help other firms to develop the strategy, not only consider to the general environment and competitor analysis but also to the Porters model itself. * Realize that external factors will influence the firm, directly and indirectly. The firm also has to muse their strategy based on the external factor (which couldnt be controlled), how to match the next meet with their capacity.

Can Multiculturalism Really Reduce Prejudice? Essay

The term multiculturalism has tardily come into usage to describe a society characterized by a diversity of cultures. Religion, language, customs, traditions, and values ar some of the components of a culture, but more importantly culture is the lens through which one perceives and interprets the world. In the past several years there has been a growing trend towards multiculturalism in many argonas of our society. around of these trends are found on college and university campuses.I think this is likely due to a belief that the conventional Christian American values and views are unable to deal with the growing numbers of unlike social minorities in our society. Phew, that was a mouth full. Although this trend would seem able to change society for the better, I turn over that it has been and will be largely ineffective. It does, however, experience some possible advantage over societys traditional view. The communicate Hypothesis states that increasing contact between group s can in some batch decrease hurt between them. It is possible that teaching more or less various cultural groups alone, could reduce damage similarly to actual contact by increasing recognition of similarities, providing information that goes against the conventional grain, and breaking carry out the illusion of out-group homogeneity. It would likely do so slight than contact. Multiculturalism might be able to reduce detriment without building the resentment, which sometimes occurs in contact. It is also possible that it could help encourage re-categorization. For the most part, however, it seems that multiculturalism will do humble or nonhing to get rid of impairment and discrimination.Even assuming that multicultural education is nearly as effective as contact, it would not sacrifice much effect on society. Contact itself is only successful under certain circumstances. (DSouza, D. 8) The weakness of multiculturalism is that it only deals with a few of the many aspect s of prejudice. mischief seems extremely difficult if not impossible to overcome in our society. The stereotypes that are created by and reinforce prejudice are neither rational ideas nor emotional responses. Multiculturalism treats them as if they were. Stereotypes are the result of cognitive processes that are, by their really nature, difficult to change. Information that is inconsistent with stereotypes is usually forgotten, ignored, disregarded or devalued. One could be aware that less than 20% of Americans arrested on drug charges are black, and could feel some sort of brothership with humankind, and still be shocked of being mugged by a crack addict in a black neighborhood. (Steeh, C & Schuman, H. 344) For example, I do not consider myself to be a racist. I have a Chinese friend, quintet of my friends are black and the other is Laotian.Im also friends with a Mexican, a Puerto Rican, Turkish, Jew, the list goes on. I hold no attitudes towards these people, which are influen ced by stereotypes. Although, when walking mound the street towards a black or Latino psyche, Ill admit that I become slightly nervous plainly a little more ready to throw or receive a punch. Entering a classroom or bus people ( sporting) will most likely sit near a white soul more readily than a minority member. If one needed to gather up the time or ask for a cigarette, one would probably ask a white over a minority. They may be aware of these things even as they happen. Even aware of their irrationality.Maybe even familiar (hopefully) with the cognitive processes that act these small discriminations, but it seems that they are helpless to stop them. (Baron, A. 180) I can not pinpoint the stalk of my or anyone elses prejudice. I attend now a nearly all white graduate(prenominal) train, before which, an almost entirely white middle school. Before the middle school, however, I attended an simple-minded school consisting of a rattling healthy mix of different cultures. Ma ybe less than half the school was white. Neither of my parents is overtly racist. Outside of the media, I have observed more whites committing acts of violence than blacks.On TV however, I have seen blacks behave in mostly negative ways. Or at least I remember it that way. The prejudices, which I have, are based on many observable traits other than ethnicity, as I suspect are most other peoples. I will have a less well-heeled impression of a black man in typical urban, hip-hop style clothing than of the kindred man dressed differently. Give him dreadlocks, braids, or a tall floppy head of hair and I will view him even more favorably. This seems to be the result of something other than direct experience. My interactions with blacks have not been more positive or negative based on the persons mode of dress.It seems that most stereotypes are based mainly on media images(Baird, R. M. & Rosenbaum, S. E. 12). I also hold many stereotypes about members of various subcultural or demograph ic groups wealthy students, middle class students, po students, business men (note men, stereotypical business person is male), marijuana users, cocaine users, etc. Some are as strong as the racial stereotypes I hold, and some are stronger. For example, given a black pot smoker and white business major that are otherwise identical, I would react more favorably to the latter.When a person belonging to an outgroup becomes more than a stranger or casual acquaintance the stereotypes that I hold about that group are quickly removed from that individual. But I dont think that I change the stereotypes that I have about his or her group. I have personally experienced very little open racial discrimination towards myself. As a heterosexual, white, male I dont really have to justify who or what I am. Most racial discrimination that I have faced was from African(Im assuming)-American boys, with whom I shared a neighborhood with as a small child.Although never confronted directly, I was aware o f the occasional dirty look and the usual cracker reference. But this is far from greenness and has not had a real impact on me. More often I am discriminated against because of my appearance. I have been subjected to a few bogus suspensions from middle school, just because I looked suspicious. One time, I was called down to the office, and blamed for throwing seat-tape on the school bus. I denied it, and told them to check the video tapes on the bus, after all, there are video cameras on each bus. Turns out, not one of them had me throwing anything of the sort.I still was forced to serve the suspension, just because Ive gotten in trouble a couple times that month. Although these instances have affected me, they seem to have not been strong enough stimuli for me. As for reducing prejudice, there seem to be no well solutions. It seems that there is a limit on how far rational and emotional arguments can go in eliminating it. I would like to think that I am close to that limit, beca use short of getting to know everyone personally, I cant imagine how to reduce my own prejudices. Perhaps multiculturalism could help some people to attempt to reduce their prejudices.But can multiculturalism really succeed? Even if people of all colors, genders and religions, were to somehow magically get along together in one community, wouldnt there still be prejudice? Some people may be looked down upon as invalid. People with mental problems and disorders would no suspect be prejudiced upon. The same goes for people with speech impediments. They would have to receive special help, and for someone to make out that is in a way prejudice. I believe that cultural equality, multiculturalism, peace, whatever, is an impossible goal.People are incessantly going to be different, and thats not bad at all. Bibliography Page Baird, R. M. & Rosenbaum, S. E. (1992). Bigotry, prejudice and hatred Definitions, causes & solutions. buffalo Prometheus Books. DSouza, D. (1995). The End of Raci sm Principles for a Multicultural Society. New York The Free Press. Baron, A. (1992). Valuing ethnic diversity A day-long workshop for university personnel. Journal of College Student Development, 179-181 Steeh, C. & Schuman, H. (1992). Young White adults Did racial attitudes change in the 1980s? American Journal of Sociology, 340-367.